Authors: A.C. McINTOSH
This paper deals with the fundamental and challenging question of the ultimate origin of genetic information from a thermodynamic perspective. The theory of evolution postulates that random mutations and natural selection can increase genetic information over successive generations. It is often argued from an evolutionary perspective that this does not violate the second law of thermodynamics because it is proposed that the entropy of a non-isolated system could reduce due to energy input from an outside source, especially the sun when considering the earth as a biotic system. By this it is proposed that a particular system can become organised at the expense of an increase in entropy elsewhere. However, whilst this argument works for structures such as snowflakes that are formed by natural forces, it does not work for genetic information because the information system is composed of machinery which requires precise and non-spontaneous raised free energy levels – and crystals like snowflakes have zero free energy as the phase transition occurs. The functional machinery of biological systems such as DNA, RNA and proteins requires that precise, non-spontaneous raised free energies be formed in the molecular bonds which are maintained in a far from equilibrium state. Furthermore, biological structures contain coded instructions which, as is shown in this paper, are not defined by the matter and energy of the molecules carrying this information. Thus, the specified complexity cannot be created by natural forces even in conditions far from equilibrium. The genetic information needed to code for complex structures like proteins actually requires information which organises the natural forces surrounding it and not the other way around – the information is crucially not defined by the material on which it sits. The information system locally requires the free energies of the molecular machinery to be raised in order for the information to be stored. Consequently, the fundamental laws of thermodynamics show that entropy reduction which can occur naturally in non-isolated systems is not a sufficient argument to explain the origin of either biological machinery or genetic information that is inextricably intertwined with it. This paper highlights the distinctive and non-material nature of information and its relationship with matter, energy and natural forces. It is proposed in conclusion that it is the non-material information (transcendent to the matter and energy) that is actually itself constraining the local thermodynamics to be in ordered disequilibrium and with specified raised free energy levels necessary for the molecular and cellular machinery to operate.
Keywords: entropy, evolution, free energy, information, intelligent design, machines, non-isolated systems
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NOTA DO EDITOR:
This paper presents a different paradigm than the traditional view. It is, in the view of the Journal, an exploratory paper that does not give a complete justification for the alternative view. The reader should not assume that the Journal or the reviewers agree with the conclusions of the paper. It is a valuable contribution that challenges the conventional vision that systems can design and organise themselves. The Journal hopes that the paper will promote the exchange of ideas in this important topic. Comments are invited in the form of ‘Letters to the Editor’.
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NOTA DO EDITOR:
This paper presents a different paradigm than the traditional view. It is, in the view of the Journal, an exploratory paper that does not give a complete justification for the alternative view. The reader should not assume that the Journal or the reviewers agree with the conclusions of the paper. It is a valuable contribution that challenges the conventional vision that systems can design and organise themselves. The Journal hopes that the paper will promote the exchange of ideas in this important topic. Comments are invited in the form of ‘Letters to the Editor’.
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NOTA DESTE BLOGGER:
Este artigo vai incomodar muita gente na Nomenklatura científica por contrariar o paradigma 'consensual' [procure por sua carteira epistêmica, pois você está sendo roubado!]. Gente, não permitir a discussão de novas ideias, hipóteses e teoria científicas não é o comportamento de uma verdadeira comunidade científica. Isso é coisa de Inquisição sem fogueiras. E dizem que é a teoria do Design Inteligente que impede o avanço da ciência. Nada mais falso! É preciso denunciar publicamente a estes mandarins da Nomenklatura científica.
Sem medo de ser feliz, daqui deste blog eu denuncio daqui esse comportamento de Torquemada!
Deixem a ciência em paz!!!
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Este artigo vai incomodar muita gente na Nomenklatura científica por contrariar o paradigma 'consensual' [procure por sua carteira epistêmica, pois você está sendo roubado!]. Gente, não permitir a discussão de novas ideias, hipóteses e teoria científicas não é o comportamento de uma verdadeira comunidade científica. Isso é coisa de Inquisição sem fogueiras. E dizem que é a teoria do Design Inteligente que impede o avanço da ciência. Nada mais falso! É preciso denunciar publicamente a estes mandarins da Nomenklatura científica.
Sem medo de ser feliz, daqui deste blog eu denuncio daqui esse comportamento de Torquemada!
Deixem a ciência em paz!!!
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