Linda Duval a,b,1, Mathieu Fourment c,d, Eric Nerrienet e,f, Dominique Rousset f, Serge A. Sadeuh f, Steven M. Goodman g, Nicole V. Andriaholinirina h, Milijaona Randrianarivelojosia i, Richard E. Paul b,
Vincent Robert a,j, Francisco J. Ayala k,1, and Frédéric Arieyl
+Author Affiliations
aLaboratoire de Biologie Fonctionnelle des Protozoaires, Unité Scientifique du Muséum 504, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris, France;
bLaboratoire de Pathogénie Virale, Institut Pasteur de Paris, 75015 Paris, France;
cUnité de Virologie, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia;
dDepartment of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia;
eLaboratoire HIV et Hépatites, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia;
fUnité de Virologie, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroun;
gField Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, and Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, Madagascar;
hDépartement de Biologie Animale et Ecologie, Faculté des Sciences, Mahajanga, Madagascar;
iUnité Paludisme, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar;
jUnité de Recherche Caractérisation et Contrôle des Populations de Vecteurs, Unité de Recherche 16, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 34000 Montpellier, France;
kDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; and
lUnité d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Unité d’Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Institut Pasteur de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
Contributed by Francisco J. Ayala, April 21, 2010 (sent for review February 26, 2010)
Abstract
We investigated two mitochondrial genes (cytb and cox1), one plastid gene (tufA), and one nuclear gene (ldh) in blood samples from 12 chimpanzees and two gorillas from Cameroon and one lemur from Madagascar. One gorilla sample is related to Plasmodium falciparum, thus confirming the recently reported presence in gorillas of this parasite. The second gorilla sample is more similar to the recently defined Plasmodium gaboni than to the P. falciparum–Plasmodium reichenowi clade, but distinct from both. Two chimpanzee samples are P. falciparum. A third sample is P. reichenowi and two others are P. gaboni. The other chimpanzee samples are different from those in the ape clade: two arePlasmodium ovale, and one is Plasmodium malariae. That is, we have found three human Plasmodium parasites in chimpanzees. Four chimpanzee samples were mixed: one species was P. reichenowi; the other species was P. gaboni in three samples and P. ovale in the fourth sample. The lemur sample, provisionally namedPlasmodium malagasi, is a sister lineage to the large cluster of primate parasites that does not include P. falciparum or ape parasites, suggesting that thefalciparum + ape parasite cluster (Laverania clade) may have evolved from a parasite present in hosts not ancestral to the primates. If malignant malaria were eradicated from human populations, chimpanzees, in addition to gorillas, might serve as a reservoir for P. falciparum.
ape malaria human malaria Plasmodium malagasi Plasmodium phylogeny
Footnotes
1To whom correspondence may be addressed: lduval@pasteur.fr orfjayala@uci.edu.
Author contributions: L.D., E.N., V.R., and F.A. designed research; L.D., D.R., S.A.S., N.V.A., and M.R. performed research; L.D., M.F., F.J.A., and F.A. analyzed data; and L.D., E.N., S.M.G., R.E.P., V.R., F.J.A., and F.A. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Data deposition: The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession nos. HM000105 and HM000122).
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