The Astronomical Journal 140 (2010) 1391
doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/5/1391
© 2010. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
EVIDENCE FROM THE ASTEROID BELT FOR A VIOLENT PAST EVOLUTION OF JUPITER's ORBIT
Alessandro Morbidelli1, Ramon Brasser1, Rodney Gomes2, Harold F. Levison3 and Kleomenis Tsiganis4
1 Departement Cassiopée, Universite de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS 4, 06304 Nice, France
2 Observatrio Nacional, Rua General Jos Cristino 77, CEP 20921-400, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
3 Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut St., Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
4 Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Received 2010 May 20; accepted 2010 August 31; published 2010 October 14
ABSTRACT
We use the current orbital structure of large (>50 km) asteroids in the main asteroid belt to constrain the evolution of the giant planets when they migrated from their primordial orbits to their current ones. Minton & Malhotra showed that the orbital distribution of large asteroids in the main belt can be reproduced by an exponentially decaying migration of the giant planets on a timescale of τ ~ 0.5 Myr. However, self-consistent numerical simulations show that the planetesimal-driven migration of the giant planets is inconsistent with an exponential change in their semi-major axes on such a short timescale. In fact, the typical timescale is τ ≥ 5 Myr. When giant planet migration on this timescale is applied to the asteroid belt, the resulting orbital distribution is incompatible with the observed one. However, the planet migration can be significantly sped up by planet-planet encounters. Consider an evolution where both Jupiter and Saturn have close encounters with a Neptune-mass planet (presumably Uranus or Neptune itself) and where this third planet, after being scattered inward by Saturn, is scattered outward by Jupiter. This scenario leads to a very rapid increase in the orbital separation between Jupiter and Saturn which we show here to have only mild effects on the structure of the asteroid belt. This type of evolution is called a "jumping-Jupiter" case. Our results suggest that the total mass and dynamical excitation of the asteroid belt before migration were comparable to those currently observed. Moreover, they imply that, before migration, the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn were much less eccentric than their current ones.
keywords: minor planets, asteroids: general; planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability
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