A domesticação do cachorro inferida de uma estrutura populacional complexa em vila da África: eles vieram da China!

Complex population structure in African village dogs and its implications for inferring dog domestication history

Adam R. Boyko a,1, Ryan H. Boyko b, Corin M. Boyko b, Heidi G. Parker c, Marta Castelhano d, Liz Coreyd, Jeremiah D. Degenhardt a, Adam Auton a, Marius Hedimbi e, Robert Kityo f, Elaine A. Ostrander c, Jeffrey Schoenebeck c, Rory J. Todhunter d, Paul Jones g and Carlos D. Bustamante a

+ Author Affiliations

aDepartment of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;

bDepartment of Anthropology and Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;

cNational Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;

dDepartment of Clinical Sciences and the Medical Genetic Archive, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;

eDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia;

fDepartment of Zoology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; and

gThe Walthan Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, United Kingdom

Abstract

High genetic diversity of East Asian village dogs has recently been used to argue for an East Asian origin of the domestic dog. However, global village dog genetic diversity and the extent to which semiferal village dogs represent distinct, indigenous populations instead of admixtures of various dog breeds has not been quantified. Understanding these issues is critical to properly reconstructing the timing, number, and locations of dog domestication. To address these questions, we sampled 318 village dogs from 7 regions in Egypt, Uganda, and Namibia, measuring genetic diversity >680 bp of the mitochondrial D-loop, 300 SNPs, and 89 microsatellite markers. We also analyzed breed dogs, including putatively African breeds (Afghan hounds, Basenjis, Pharaoh hounds, Rhodesian ridgebacks, and Salukis), Puerto Rican street dogs, and mixed breed dogs from the United States. Village dogs from most African regions appear genetically distinct from non-native breed and mixed-breed dogs, although some individuals cluster genetically with Puerto Rican dogs or United States breed mixes instead of with neighboring village dogs. Thus, African village dogs are a mosaic of indigenous dogs descended from early migrants to Africa, and non-native, breed-admixed individuals. Among putatively African breeds, Pharaoh hounds, and Rhodesian ridgebacks clustered with non-native rather than indigenous African dogs, suggesting they have predominantly non-African origins. Surprisingly, we find similar mtDNA haplotype diversity in African and East Asian village dogs, potentially calling into question the hypothesis of an East Asian origin for dog domestication.

Canis familiaris microsatellites principal component analysis single nucleotide polymorphisms
Footnotes

1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: arb83@cornell.edu
Edited by Tomoko Ohta, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan, and approved June 12, 2009

Author contributions: A.R.B., R.H.B., C.M.B., M.C., M.H., and C.D.B. designed research; A.R.B., R.H.B., C.M.B., H.G.P., L.C., J.D.D., M.H., J.S., and P.J. performed research; H.G.P., M.C., L.C., J.D.D., A.A., R.K., E.A.O., R.J.T., and P.J. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; A.R.B., R.H.B., H.G.P., A.A., and P.J. analyzed data; and A.R.B., R.H.B., and C.D.B. wrote the paper.

Conflict of interest statement: For some of this project, we utilized the Wisdom MX product (MARS Inc.) for detecting breed-admixed ancestry. P.G.J. was as employee of MARS overseeing Wisdom development, C.D.B. was paid consultant for MARS during its development, and E.A.O. is a licenser of the patent.

This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.

Data deposition: The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession nos. GQ375164–GQ375213).

This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0902129106/DCSupplemental.

+++++

PDF gratuito do artigo aqui.