The Fine-Tuning of the Universe for Intelligent Life
Luke A. Barnes
Institute for Astronomy
ETH Zurich
Switzerland
Sydney Institute for Astronomy
School of Physics
University of Sydney
Australia
June 11, 2012
Abstract
The fi ne-tuning of the universe for intelligent life has received a great deal of attention in recent years, both in the philosophical and scienti c literature. The claim is that in the space of possible physical laws, parameters and initial conditions, the set that permits the evolution of intelligent life is very small. I present here a review of the scientifi c literature, outlining cases of fi ne-tuning in the classic works of Carter, Carr and Rees, and Barrow and Tipler, as well
as more recent work. To sharpen the discussion, the role of the antagonist will be played by Victor Stenger's recent book The Fallacy of Fine-Tuning: Why the Universe is Not Designed for Us. Stenger claims that all known fine-tuning cases can be explained without the need for a multiverse. Many of Stenger's claims will be found to be highly problematic. We will touch on such issues as the logical necessity of the laws of nature; objectivity, invariance and symmetry; theoretical physics and possible universes; entropy in cosmology; cosmic inflation and initial conditions; galaxy formation; the cosmological constant; stars and their formation; the properties of elementary particles and their e fect on chemistry and the macroscopic world; the origin of mass; grand uni fied theories; and the dimensionality of space and time. I also provide an assessment of the multiverse, noting the signi cant challenges that it must face. I do not attempt to defend any conclusion based on the fi ne-tuning of the universe for intelligent life. This paper can be viewed as a critique of Stenger's book, or read independently.
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