Template-dependent nucleotide addition in the reverse (3′-5′) direction by Thg1-like protein
Shoko Kimura1,*, Tateki Suzuki1,*, Meirong Chen1, Koji Kato1,2, Jian Yu2, Akiyoshi Nakamura3, Isao Tanaka2 and Min Yao1,2,†
+ Author Affiliations
↵†Corresponding author. E-mail: yao@castor.sci.hokudai.ac.jp
↵* These authors contributed equally to this work.
Science Advances 25 Mar 2016:
Vol. 2, no. 3, e1501397
Structure of the MaTLP complex with ppptRNAPhe
Abstract
Thg1-like protein (TLP) catalyzes the addition of a nucleotide to the 5′-end of truncated transfer RNA (tRNA) species in a Watson-Crick template–dependent manner. The reaction proceeds in two steps: the activation of the 5′-end by adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)/guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP), followed by nucleotide addition. Structural analyses of the TLP and its reaction intermediates have revealed the atomic detail of the template-dependent elongation reaction in the 3′-5′ direction. The enzyme creates two substrate binding sites for the first- and second-step reactions in the vicinity of one reaction center consisting of two Mg2+ ions, and the two reactions are executed at the same reaction center in a stepwise fashion. When the incoming nucleotide is bound to the second binding site with Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds, the 3′-OH of the incoming nucleotide and the 5′-triphosphate of the tRNA are moved to the reaction center where the first reaction has occurred. That the 3′-5′ elongation enzyme performs this elaborate two-step reaction in one catalytic center suggests that these two reactions have been inseparable throughout the process of protein evolution. Although TLP and Thg1 have similar tetrameric organization, the tRNA binding mode of TLP is different from that of Thg1, a tRNAHis-specific G−1 addition enzyme. Each tRNAHis binds to three of the four Thg1 tetramer subunits, whereas in TLP, tRNA only binds to a dimer interface and the elongation reaction is terminated by measuring the accepter stem length through the flexible β-hairpin. Furthermore, mutational analyses show that tRNAHis is bound to TLP in a similar manner as Thg1, thus indicating that TLP has a dual binding mode.
Keywords biomolecules nucleotides tRNA3′-5′ addition reverse polymerization TLPcrystal structure
Copyright © 2016, The Authors
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