Multiple global radiations in tadpole shrimps challenge the concept of ‘living fossils’
Thomas C. Mathers1, Robert L. Hammond2, Ronald A. Jenner3, Bernd Hänfling1, Africa Gómez 1
Author and article information
1 School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
2 Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
3 Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
DOI 10.7717/peerj.62
Abstract
‘Living fossils’, a phrase first coined by Darwin, are defined as species with limited recent diversification and high morphological stasis over long periods of evolutionary time. Morphological stasis, however, can potentially lead to diversification rates being underestimated. Notostraca, or tadpole shrimps, is an ancient, globally distributed order of branchiopod crustaceans regarded as ‘living fossils’ because their rich fossil record dates back to the early Devonian and their morphology is highly conserved. Recent phylogenetic reconstructions have shown a strong biogeographic signal, suggesting diversification due to continental breakup, and widespread cryptic speciation. However, morphological conservatism makes it difficult to place fossil taxa in a phylogenetic context. Here we reveal for the first time the timing and tempo of tadpole shrimp diversification by inferring a robust multilocus phylogeny of Branchiopoda and applying Bayesian divergence dating techniques using reliable fossil calibrations external to Notostraca. Our results suggest at least two bouts of global radiation in Notostraca, one of them recent, so questioning the validity of the ‘living fossils’ concept in groups where cryptic speciation is widespread.
Cite this as
Mathers et al. (2013) Multiple global radiations in tadpole shrimps challenge the concept of ‘living fossils’. PeerJ 1:e62 http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.62
