Pesquisa explica como as cobras perderam os membros?

Phenotype loss is associated with widespread divergence of the gene regulatory landscape in evolution

Juliana G. Roscito, Katrin Sameith, Genis Parra, Bjoern E. Langer, Andreas Petzold, Claudia Moebius, Marc Bickle, Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues & Michael Hiller 

Nature Communications volume 9, Article number: 4737 (2018)

Source/Fonte: Science

Abstract

Detecting the genomic changes underlying phenotypic changes between species is a main goal of evolutionary biology and genomics. Evolutionary theory predicts that changes in cis-regulatory elements are important for morphological changes. We combined genome sequencing, functional genomics and genome-wide comparative analyses to investigate regulatory elements in lineages that lost morphological traits. We first show that limb loss in snakes is associated with widespread divergence of limb regulatory elements. We next show that eye degeneration in subterranean mammals is associated with widespread divergence of eye regulatory elements. In both cases, sequence divergence results in an extensive loss of transcription factor binding sites. Importantly, diverged regulatory elements are associated with genes required for normal limb patterning or normal eye development and function, suggesting that regulatory divergence contributed to the loss of these phenotypes. Together, our results show that genome-wide decay of the phenotype-specific cis-regulatory landscape is a hallmark of lost morphological traits.

Acknowledgements

We thank the genomics community for sequencing and assembling the genomes of the many vertebrates used here, and the UCSC genome browser group for providing software and genome annotations. We also thank Virag Sharma for running CESAR, Nadine Vastenhouw for experimental infrastructure, Tiago Ferreira for helping with dissection of mouse eyes, Terence Capellini for helpful comments on the manuscript and on the experimental assay, Aliona Bogdanova for cloning of plasmids, Jared Simpson for help with SGA, and Andreas Dahl and Sylke Winkler for DNA sequencing, the Computer Service Facilities of the MPI-CBG and MPI-PKS, and the DNA Sequencing, Microarray and Biomedical service facilities of the MPI-CBG for their support. This work was supported by the Max Planck Society, and by FAPESP stipends 2012/01319-8 and 2012/23360 to J.G.R.

Author information

Author notes

These authors contributed equally: Juliana G. Roscito, Katrin Sameith, Genis Parra.

Affiliations

Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany

Juliana G. Roscito, Katrin Sameith, Genis Parra, Bjoern E. Langer, Claudia Moebius, Marc Bickle & Michael Hiller

Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, 01187, Germany

Juliana G. Roscito, Katrin Sameith, Genis Parra, Bjoern E. Langer & Michael Hiller

Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany

Juliana G. Roscito, Katrin Sameith, Genis Parra, Bjoern E. Langer & Michael Hiller

Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil

Juliana G. Roscito & Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues

Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany

Andreas Petzold

Contributions

J.G.R. annotated the tegu genome, performed ATAC-seq, and analyzed the limb and eye loss trait. K.S. assembled and annotated the tegu genome and analyzed the limb and eye loss trait. G.P. performed the initial eye loss analysis. B.E.L. performed the TF-binding site analysis. A.P. helped with genome annotation. C.M., M.B. and J.G.R. performed luciferase assays. M.T.R. provided samples. M.H. conceived and supervised the study and performed data analysis. M.H., J.G.R. and K.S. wrote the manuscript. K.S. and J.G.R. made figures. All authors approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Hiller.

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Plus 23 Supplementary Data/Mais 23 Páginas de Dados Suplementares.

Um quarto das vítimas do Holocausto morreu em apenas três meses!!!

Quantifying the Holocaust: Hyperintense kill rates during the Nazi genocide

Lewi Stone1,2

1Biomathematics Unit, School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

2Mathematical Sciences, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Email: lewistone100@gmail.com

Science Advances 02 Jan 2019:

Vol. 5, no. 1, eaau7292

DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7292

Source/Fonte: AFP-Getty Images

Abstract

Operation Reinhard (1942–1943) was the largest single murder campaign of the Holocaust, during which some 1.7 million Jews from German-occupied Poland were murdered by the Nazis. Most perished in gas chambers at the death camps Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka. However, the tempo, kill rates, and spatial dynamics of these events were poorly documented. Using an unusual dataset originating from railway transportation records, this study identifies an extreme phase of hyperintense killing when >1.47 million Jews—more than 25% of the Jews killed in all 6 years of World War II—were murdered by the Nazis in an intense,100-day (~3-month) surge. Operation Reinhard is shown to be an extreme event, based on kill rate, number, and proportion (>99.9%) of the population murdered in camps, highlighting its singularly violent character, even compared to other more recent genocides. The Holocaust kill rate is some 10 times higher than estimates suggested by authorities on comparative genocide.

FREE PDF GRATIS: Science Advances

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Never again!/Nunca novamente! 

Never forget!/Nunca esquecer!

Never forgive!/Nunca perdoar!

Gregory Chaitin 'falou e disse': sem uma teoria matemática da evolução não há como demonstrar se Darwin estava errado ou certo!!!

"A honra da matemática exige que desenvolvamos uma teoria matemática da evolução e, provar ou não que Darwin estava errado ou certo."

 

"The honor of mathematics requires us to come up with a mathematical theory of evolution and either prove Darwin was wrong or right." 

Gregory Chaitin

+++++

Até agora nenhuma teoria matemática da evolução.../Thus far no mathematical theory of evolution...

Darwin kaput!!!

Mais dois genes posteriores Hox e a dispersão de aglomerados Hox em equinodermos

Two more Posterior Hox genes and Hox cluster dispersal in echinoderms

Réka Szabó and David E. K. FerrierEmail authorView ORCID ID profile

BMC Evolutionary Biology 201818:203

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1307-x © The Author(s). 2018

Received: 2 August 2018 Accepted: 23 November 2018 Published: 27 December 2018

Fig. 1 Schematic phylogenetic tree of Ambulacraria with chordates shown as the outgroup.

Abstract

Background

Hox genes are key elements in patterning animal development. They are renowned for their, often, clustered organisation in the genome, with supposed mechanistic links between the organisation of the genes and their expression. The widespread distribution and comparable functions of Hox genes across the animals has led to them being a major study system for comparing the molecular bases for construction and divergence of animal morphologies. Echinoderms (including sea urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers, feather stars and brittle stars) possess one of the most unusual body plans in the animal kingdom with pronounced pentameral symmetry in the adults. Consequently, much interest has focused on their development, evolution and the role of the Hox genes in these processes. In this context, the organisation of echinoderm Hox gene clusters is distinctive. Within the classificatory system of Duboule, echinoderms constitute one of the clearest examples of Disorganized (D) clusters (i.e. intact clusters but with a gene order or orientation rearranged relative to the ancestral state).

Results

Here we describe two Hox genes (Hox11/13d and e) that have been overlooked in most previous work and have not been considered in reconstructions of echinoderm Hox complements and cluster organisation. The two genes are related to Posterior Hox genes and are present in all classes of echinoderm. Importantly, they do not reside in the Hox cluster of any species for which genomic linkage data is available.

Conclusion

Incorporating the two neglected Posterior Hox genes into assessments of echinoderm Hox gene complements and organisation shows that these animals in fact have Split (S) Hox clusters rather than simply Disorganized (D) clusters within the Duboule classification scheme. This then has implications for how these genes are likely regulated, with them no longer covered by any potential long-range Hox cluster-wide, or multigenic sub-cluster, regulatory mechanisms.

Keywords 

Hox11/13d Hox11/13e Posterior Hox genes Hox gene evolution

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Genes neandertais dão pistas para a evolução do cérebro humano

Neandertal Introgression Sheds Light on Modern Human Endocranial Globularity

Philipp Gunz 20 Amanda K. Tilot 20 Katharina Wittfeld Fabio Macciardi Hans J. Grabe Simon E. Fisher 21

Open Access Published: December 13, 2018 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.065

Figure 1 Endocranial Shape Differences between Neandertals and Modern Humans

Highlights

• We use fossil skull data to derive an index of endocranial shape in human MRI scans

• In 4,468 Europeans, we screen introgressed Neandertal SNPs for association with the index

• Lead SNPs consistently associate with reduced globularity in five separate subsamples

• These SNPs affect neural expression of two genes linked to neurogenesis and myelination

Summary

One of the features that distinguishes modern humans from our extinct relatives and ancestors is a globular shape of the braincase [1, 2, 3, 4]. As the endocranium closely mirrors the outer shape of the brain, these differences might reflect altered neural architecture [4, 5]. However, in the absence of fossil brain tissue, the underlying neuroanatomical changes as well as their genetic bases remain elusive. To better understand the biological foundations of modern human endocranial shape, we turn to our closest extinct relatives: the Neandertals. Interbreeding between modern humans and Neandertals has resulted in introgressed fragments of Neandertal DNA in the genomes of present-day non-Africans [6, 7]. Based on shape analyses of fossil skull endocasts, we derive a measure of endocranial globularity from structural MRI scans of thousands of modern humans and study the effects of introgressed fragments of Neandertal DNA on this phenotype. We find that Neandertal alleles on chromosomes 1 and 18 are associated with reduced endocranial globularity. These alleles influence expression of two nearby genes, UBR4 and PHLPP1, which are involved in neurogenesis and myelination, respectively. Our findings show how integration of fossil skull data with archaic genomics and neuroimaging can suggest developmental mechanisms that may contribute to the unique modern human endocranial shape.

Keywords brain shape evolution homo sapiens gene expression genetic association Neandertal cerebellum myelination basal ganglia magnetic resonance imaging 

Results and Discussion

Neandertals (Figure 1A) and modern humans (Figure 1B) have similar endocranial volumes but distinct endocranial shapes. Modern humans have a globular-shaped braincase, with a round and expanded posterior cranial fossa housing the cerebellum, and more bulging parietal bones [2, 3, 4]. Contrasting the average endocranial shapes of modern humans and Neandertals, Kochiyama et al. [5] proposed that the biggest differences between these groups are found in the cerebellum. Comparative analyses suggest rapid evolutionary changes of this brain structure in great apes and humans [8, 9]. Our analysis of endocranial shape based on data from [4] demonstrates that other regions beyond the cerebellum are relatively larger in modern humans than in Neandertals, including parts of the prefrontal cortex and the occipital and temporal lobes (Figures 1C and 1D). In contrast, parietal bulging [2, 3, 4] is not linked to an increased surface area, suggesting that the parietal lobe is “displaced” by reorganization of other—presumably subcortical—parts of the brain.

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Desvendando o mistério de como, quando o DNA replica

Identifying cis Elements for Spatiotemporal Control of Mammalian DNA Replication

Jiao Sima Abhijit Chakraborty Vishnu Dileep Marco Michalski Kyle N. Klein Nicolas P. Holcomb Jesse L. Turner Michelle T. Paulsen Juan Carlos Rivera-Mulia Claudia Trevilla-Garcia Daniel A. Bartlett Peiyao A. Zhao Brian K. Washburn Elphège P. Nora Katerina Kraft Stefan Mundlos Benoit G. Bruneau Mats Ljungman Peter Fraser Ferhat Ay David M. Gilbert 11

Published: December 27, 2018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.036

PlumX Metrics

Highlights

• Early replicating control elements (ERCEs) regulate replication timing

• ERCEs regulate A/B compartmentalization and TAD architecture

• ERCEs form CTCF-independent loops and have features of enhancer/promoters

• ERCEs enable genetic dissection of large-scale chromosome structure and function

Summary

The temporal order of DNA replication (replication timing [RT]) is highly coupled with genome architecture, but cis-elements regulating either remain elusive. We created a series of CRISPR-mediated deletions and inversions of a pluripotency-associated topologically associating domain (TAD) in mouse ESCs. CTCF-associated domain boundaries were dispensable for RT. CTCF protein depletion weakened most TAD boundaries but had no effect on RT or A/B compartmentalization genome-wide. By contrast, deletion of three intra-TAD CTCF-independent 3D contact sites caused a domain-wide early-to-late RT shift, an A-to-B compartment switch, weakening of TAD architecture, and loss of transcription. The dispensability of TAD boundaries and the necessity of these “early replication control elements” (ERCEs) was validated by deletions and inversions at additional domains. Our results demonstrate that discrete cis-regulatory elements orchestrate domain-wide RT, A/B compartmentalization, TAD architecture, and transcription, revealing fundamental principles linking genome structure and function.

Keywords replication timing sub-nuclear compartment topologically associating domain ERCEs CTCF chromatin interactions genome architecture super-enhancer

Dppa

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Subscription or payment needed/Requer assinatura ou pagamento: Cell

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Professores, pesquisadores e alunos de universidades públicas e privadas com acesso ao site Periódicos CAPES/MEC podem acessar gratuitamente este artigo da Cell e mais 33.000 publicações científicas.

Reconstrução do genoma ancestral metazoário revela um aumento na novidade genômica

Reconstruction of the ancestral metazoan genome reveals an increase in genomic novelty

Jordi Paps & Peter W. H. Holland 

Nature Communications volume 9, Article number: 1730 (2018) 

Reconstruction of ancestral genomes. Evolutionary relationships of the major groups included in his study

Abstract

Understanding the emergence of the Animal Kingdom is one of the major challenges of modern evolutionary biology. Many genomic changes took place along the evolutionary lineage that gave rise to the Metazoa. Recent research has revealed the role that co-option of old genes played during this transition, but the contribution of genomic novelty has not been fully assessed. Here, using extensive genome comparisons between metazoans and multiple outgroups, we infer the minimal protein-coding genome of the first animal, in addition to other eukaryotic ancestors, and estimate the proportion of novelties in these ancient genomes. Contrary to the prevailing view, this uncovers an unprecedented increase in the extent of genomic novelty during the origin of metazoans, and identifies 25 groups of metazoan-specific genes that are essential across the Animal Kingdom. We argue that internal genomic changes were as important as external factors in the emergence of animals.

Acknowledgements

We thank Ignacio Maeso, Ferdinand Marlétaz, Sebastian M. Shimeld, Patrick Gemmell, and Thomas L. Dunwell for feedback during this project. Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo kindly provided genome data for different holozoan species. The authors are grateful to friends and colleagues who provided feedback on the manuscript. P.W.H.H. and J.P. acknowledge support from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant [268513].

Author information

Affiliations

School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK

Jordi Paps

Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK

Jordi Paps & Peter W. H. Holland

Contributions

J.P. and P.W.H.H. designed the study and analyses. J.P. performed the analyses. J.P. and P.W.H.H. wrote the manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jordi Paps.

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Supplementary Data 1 Supplementary Data 2 Supplementary Data 3

Supplementary Data 4 Supplementary Data 5 Supplementary Data 6

Supplementary Data 7 Supplementary Data 8 Supplementary Data 9

Supplementary Data 10

Origem da vida: quando não dá por aqui...vamos de fora mesmo!

Deoxyribose and deoxysugar derivatives from photoprocessed astrophysical ice analogues and comparison to meteorites
 

Michel Nuevo, George Cooper & Scott A. Sandford

Nature Communications volume 9, Article number: 5276 (2018)

 

Source/Fonte

Abstract

Sugars and their derivatives are essential to all terrestrial life. Their presence in meteorites, together with amino acids, nucleobases, amphiphiles, and other compounds of biological importance, may have contributed to the inventory of organics that played a role in the emergence of life on Earth. Sugars, including ribose (the sugar of RNA), and other sugar derivatives have been identified in laboratory experiments simulating photoprocessing of ices under astrophysical conditions. In this work, we report the detection of 2-deoxyribose (the sugar of DNA) and several deoxysugar derivatives in residues produced from the ultraviolet irradiation of ice mixtures consisting of H2O and CH3OH. The detection of deoxysugar derivatives adds to the inventory of compounds of biological interest that can form under astrophysical conditions and puts constraints on their abiotic formation pathway. Finally, we report that some of the deoxysugar derivatives found in our residues are also newly identified in carbonaceous meteorites.

Acknowledgements

We thank R.L. Walker (NASA Ames, retired) for technical support and A.C. Rios (NASA Ames) for useful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the NASA Exobiology Program and the NASA Astrobiology Institute under Cooperative Agreement Notice NNH13ZDA017C issued through the Science Mission Directorate.

Author information

Affiliations

NASA Ames Research Center, MS 245-6, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
Michel Nuevo
& Scott A. Sandford

BAER Institute, NASA Research Park, MS 18-4, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
Michel Nuevo

NASA Ames Research Center, MS 239-4, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
George Cooper
Contributions

M.N. prepared the laboratory samples (residues) and performed GC-MS analyses with BSTFA derivatization. G.C. performed GC-MS analysis of the residues with (+)-butanol/TFAA and MTBSTFA derivatizations. M.N. and G.C. analyzed the data to identify the compounds in the residues. S.A.S. helped for the interpretation of the results and their astrobiological implications. M.N. wrote the paper with inputs from G.C. and S.A.S.
Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.
 

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michel Nuevo.

Rights and permissions


Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

About this article

Publication history

Received 30 May 2018 Accepted 14 November 2018

Published 18 December 2018

DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07693-x

Subjects Interstellar medium Laboratory astrophysics Mass spectrometry

 

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Darwin não consegue explicar a história abreviada da evolução humana!!!

International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology

December 2018, 2:6 | Cite as

A brief history of human evolution: challenging Darwin’s claim

Authors

 
Authors and affiliations

Sarah Umer

Sarah Umer
1Email authorView author's OrcID profile
1.Department of Visual Arts & Graphic Design, Institute of Visual Arts & DesignLahore College for Women UniversityLahorePakistan

Open AccessResearch
First Online: 29 October 2018

 

Source/Fonte

Abstract

There is a consensus among evolutionists today that man first appeared in Africa approximately four million years ago. Others counter this theory saying, “...when shall we speak of man as man”? The timeline they give is approximately one million years and to fully understand one million years is still a difficult task.

However, another even better way to understand time and man is to study it in terms of generations. So, keeping in mind that primitive people married and had children early, twenty years will make an average generation. According to this there would be 50,000 generations in a million years. Keeping this in mind if we calculate generations we find that 250 generations back take us to the time when written history began. While, another 250 generations back would take us to the time (10,000 years ago), when cultivation began, and man started settled life. Now we are left with 49,500 generations of men, plus a time span of 990,000 years. Keeping these statistics in mind let us ask the question once more, when should we speak of man as man?

Therefore, this paper attempts not only to understand the timeframe “when we can really call Man? – Man” in light of the so-called history of human evolution but also to understand that if the specie roaming the earth for a million years was truly man’s ancestor, as is claimed by Charles Darwin. Then what took man’s ancestor so long to show signs of development that we only witness in the last 12000 years.

Moreover, while keeping man’s progress under consideration of the last 12000 years, it will further shed light on why there are serious reservations about Charles Darwin theory of human evolution. As many scientists, evolutionists, archeologist and different religious scriptures strongly claim that man came to the earth fully developed and did not evolve from a lesser specie.

KeywordsHuman Evolution Darwin Specie Neanderthals 

 

FREE PDF GRATIS: International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology

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NOTA DESTE BLOGGER:

Este artigo com revisão por pares vai dar uma dor de cabeça para os evolucionistas ortodoxos fundamentalistas!!!

Pano rápido! Darwin kaput desde 1859!!!

 

Explicando as diferenças nas taxas de evolução

Closing the gap between palaeontological and neontological speciation and extinction rate estimates
 

Daniele Silvestro, Rachel C. M. Warnock, Alexandra Gavryushkina & Tanja Stadler

Nature Communications volume 9, Article number: 5237 (2018)

 

Speciation modes reflecting the difference in phylogenetic and stratigraphic interpretations of speciation and extinction rates.

Abstract

Measuring the pace at which speciation and extinction occur is fundamental to understanding the origin and evolution of biodiversity. Both the fossil record and molecular phylogenies of living species can provide independent estimates of speciation and extinction rates, but often produce strikingly divergent results. Despite its implications, the theoretical reasons for this discrepancy remain unknown. Here, we reveal a conceptual and methodological basis able to reconcile palaeontological and molecular evidence: discrepancies are driven by different implicit assumptions about the processes of speciation and species evolution in palaeontological and neontological analyses. We present the “birth-death chronospecies” model that clarifies the definition of speciation and extinction processes allowing for a coherent joint analysis of fossil and phylogenetic data. Using simulations and empirical analyses we demonstrate not only that this model explains much of the apparent incongruence between fossils and phylogenies, but that differences in rate estimates are actually informative about the prevalence of different speciation modes.

Acknowledgements


We thank David Bapst and Charles Marshall for providing valuable feedback on the manuscript. In addition, we thank Ziheng Yang, Andreas Steingötter and the ETH Seminar for Statistics group for providing advice on model testing and Carl Simpson for providing data. D.S. received funding from the Swedish Research Council (2015-04748) and from the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research. R.C.M.W. was funded by the ETH Zürich Postdoctoral Fellowship and Marie Curie Actions for People COFUND programme. T.S. is supported in part by the European Research Council under the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Commission (PhyPD: grant agreement number 335529). A.G. was funded by the Bioprotection Research Centre. Part of the analyses were run at the high-performance computing centre Vital-IT of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (Lausanne, Switzerland).

Author information

Author notes

These authors contributed equally: Daniele Silvestro, Rachel C. M. Warnock.
Affiliations

Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 41319, Gothenburg, Sweden
Daniele Silvestro

Global Gothenburg Biodiversity Centre, 41319, Gothenburg, Sweden
Daniele Silvestro

Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
Daniele Silvestro

Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
Daniele Silvestro
, Rachel C. M. Warnock
& Tanja Stadler

Department of Biosystems Science & Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
Rachel C. M. Warnock
& Tanja Stadler

Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
Alexandra Gavryushkina
Contributions

D.S., R.C.M.W., A.G., and T.S. designed the study and developed the methods. D.S. and R.C.M.W. wrote the manuscript with contributions from all authors. R.C.M.W. implemented the maximum likelihood tests and ran the simulations. D.S. implemented the Bayesian version of the BDC model and analysed the empirical data sets. 

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests. 

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniele Silvestro.

Rights and permissions


Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

About this article

Publication history

Received 19 December 2017 Accepted 13 November 2018

Published 07 December 2018

DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07622-y

 

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Um modelo matematizado unificado da Informação Complexa Especificada

A Unified Model of Complex Specified Information

George D Montañez

Source/Fonte: Internet

Abstract

A mathematical theory of complex specified information is introduced which unifies several prior methods of computing specified complexity. Similar to how the exponential family of probability distributions have dissimilar surface forms yet share a common underlying mathematical identity, we define a model that allows us to cast Dembski’s semiotic specified complexity, Ewert et al.’s algorithmic specified complexity, Hazen et al.’s functional information, and Behe’s irreducible complexity into a common mathematical form. Adding additional constraints, we introduce canonical specified complexity models, for which one-sided conservation bounds are given, showing that large specified complexity values are unlikely under any given continuous or discrete distribution and that canonical models can be used to form statistical hypothesis tests, by bounding tail probabilities for arbitrary distributions.

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O DNA mitocondrial é inadequado para testar o isolamento por distância

Mitochondrial DNA is unsuitable to test for isolation by distance

Peter R. Teske, Tirupathi Rao Golla, Jonathan Sandoval-Castillo, Arsalan Emami-Khoyi, Carl D. van der Lingen, Sophie von der Heyden, Brent Chiazzari, Bettine Jansen van Vuuren & Luciano B. Beheregaray 

Scientific Reports volume 8, Article number: 8448 (2018) 

Source/Fonte

Abstract

Tests for isolation by distance (IBD) are the most commonly used method of assessing spatial genetic structure. Many studies have exclusively used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences to test for IBD, but this marker is often in conflict with multilocus markers. Here, we report a review of the literature on IBD, with the aims of determining (a) whether significant IBD is primarily a result of lumping spatially discrete populations, and (b) whether microsatellite datasets are more likely to detect IBD when mtDNA does not. We also provide empirical data from four species in which mtDNA failed to detect IBD by comparing these with microsatellite and SNP data. Our results confirm that IBD is mostly found when distinct regional populations are pooled, and this trend disappears when each is analysed separately. Discrepancies between markers were found in almost half of the studies reviewed, and microsatellites were more likely to detect IBD when mtDNA did not. Our empirical data rejected the lack of IBD in the four species studied, and support for IBD was particularly strong for the SNP data. We conclude that mtDNA sequence data are often not suitable to test for IBD, and can be misleading about species’ true dispersal potential. The observed failure of mtDNA to reliably detect IBD, in addition to being a single-locus marker, is likely a result of a selection-driven reduction in genetic diversity obscuring spatial genetic differentiation.

Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the National Research Foundation (CSUR Grant No. 87702 to P.R.T.), the University of Johannesburg (URC/FRC grant to P.R.T) and the Australian Research Council (FT130101068 and DP110101275 to L.B.B.). T.R.G. and A.E.-K. acknowledge the University of Johannesburg for Global Excellence and Stature (GES) fellowships for doctoral and postdoctoral study, respectively. We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers whose comments improved the quality of this manuscript.

Author information

Author notes

Peter R. Teske and Tirupathi Rao Golla contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations

Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa

Peter R. Teske, Tirupathi Rao Golla, Arsalan Emami-Khoyi & Bettine Jansen van Vuuren

Molecular Ecology Lab, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia

Jonathan Sandoval-Castillo & Luciano B. Beheregaray

Branch: Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Private Bag X2, Vlaeberg, 8012, South Africa

Carl D. van der Lingen

Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa

Carl D. van der Lingen

Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602, Matieland, South Africa

Sophie von der Heyden

School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa

Brent Chiazzari

Contributions

P.R.T. and L.B.B. designed the study; C.v.d.L., P.R.T., S.v.d.H., B.C. and J.S.-C. collected the samples; P.R.T. and T.R.G. conducted the literature review; P.R.T., J.S.-C., T.R.G. and A.E.-K. analysed the data; P.R.T., L.B.B., T.R.G. and S.v.d.H. wrote the paper, with input from C.v.d.L., J.S.-C., B.v.V. and B.C.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter R. Teske.

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Relatório anual de Inteligência Artificial 2018

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A "reincarnação" explica o transgenerismo???

Childhood Gender Nonconformity and Children’s Past-Life Memories

Marieta Pehlivanova, Monica J. Janke, Jack Lee & Jim B. Tucker

Received 30 May 2018, Accepted 04 Sep 2018, Published online: 15 Nov 2018

Download citation https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2018.1523266

Source/Fonte

Abstract

Objectives: This study examines childhood gender nonconformity (GNC) in conjunction with the phenomenon in which young children describe memories of a purported previous life. Methods: In a case-control study of 469 children reporting past-life memories, we used logistic regression to examine predictors of GNC, measured by documented gender nonconforming behaviors. Results: Children who remembered a life involving a different natal sex were much more likely to exhibit GNC than children who remembered a same-sex life. Conclusions: After exploring potential explanations, we conclude that past-life memories represent a novel factor that may be associated with the development of GNC.

Keywords: Gender nonconformity, gender identity, children, adolescents, reincarnation memories

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International Journal of Sexual Health

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NOTA DESTE BLOGGER:

Essencialmente os pesquisadores estão dizendo que as experiências de "vidas passadas" relatadas por seus sujeitos de pesquisa (crianças) indicam a reencarnação. Isso levanta a questão do que, exatamente, está sendo reencarnado? Uma alma? Um espírito? Uma mente? Seja lá o que for, tem de ser imaterial. Mas isso vai de encontro ao que os biólogos evolucionistas vêm nos dizendo sobre o estado do universo e da biologia há décadas. Simplesmente não pode haver algo imaterial.  

O status científico desta pesquisa está na balança! Razão? Os pesquisadores são da Escola de Medicina da Universidade da Virgínia, Estados Unidos… não exatamente de uma universidade qualquer. E a publicação científica é uma das mais  prestigiadas na área de sexualidade humana.  

Este blogger queria ver a reação dos biólogos evolucionistas...

A química prebiótica e a intervenção humana: Maradona que o diga!

Prebiotic chemistry and human intervention

Clemens Richert 

Nature Communications volume 9, Article number: 5177 (2018) | Download Citation

Abstract

Experimentalists in the field of prebiotic chemistry strive to re-enact what may have happened when life arose from inanimate material. How often human intervention was needed to obtain a specific result in their studies is worth reporting.

Introduction

When Diego Maradona was asked about having used his hand to score a goal in the quarter-finals of the 1986 soccer World Cup, he initially claimed that there had been divine intervention, and the term “Hand of God Goal” was coined.—There had been manual intervention, and there had been an understandable interest of the player not to admit it.—Organic chemists, if not all experimentalists in the field of prebiotic chemistry, are faced with a similar dilemma. We do our best to perform experiments that we believe re-enact possible steps of prebiotic evolution, but we know that we need to intervene manually to obtain meaningful results. Simply mixing chemicals and watching for a living system to appear from the broth seems unreasonable to me. This approach has never worked, and it is not expected to work, at least not if one is limited to the lifetime of a human, let alone the duration of a funding period or a Ph.D. thesis. So, what is a reasonable level of intervention by the experimentalist in prebiotic chemistry, and what are “plausible prebiotic conditions” in this context?

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