<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618</id><updated>2012-02-02T10:35:13.846-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Desafiando a Nomenklatura Científica</title><subtitle type='html'>Expondo as insuficiências fundamentais da Síntese Evolutiva Moderna e promovendo a teoria do Design Inteligente</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>7727</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-6702761289441416293</id><published>2012-02-02T10:34:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2012-02-02T10:35:13.855-02:00</updated><title type='text'>De rato a elefante? Os seus problemas evolucionários acabaram: espere sentado 24 milhões de gerações</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Mouse to Elephant? Just Wait 24 Million Generations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;ScienceDaily (Jan. 30, 2012) — Scientists have for the first time measured how fast large-scale evolution can occur in mammals, showing it takes 24 million generations for a mouse-sized animal to evolve to the size of an elephant.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y3U7bzHCS7I/TyqAPiltWSI/AAAAAAAAEAQ/4kHC3WCClw0/s1600/Dr.+Alistair+Evans+with+the+skulls+of+a+mouse+and+an+elephant+-+Monash+University.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="286" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y3U7bzHCS7I/TyqAPiltWSI/AAAAAAAAEAQ/4kHC3WCClw0/s400/Dr.+Alistair+Evans+with+the+skulls+of+a+mouse+and+an+elephant+-+Monash+University.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Dr. Alistair Evans with the skulls of a mouse and an elephant. (Credit: Image courtesy of Monash University)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences describes increases and decreases in mammal size following the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Led by Dr Alistair Evans of Monash University's School of Biological Sciences a team of 20 biologists and palaeontologists discovered that rates of size decrease are much faster than growth rates. It takes only 100,000 generations for very large decreases, leading to dwarfism, to occur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Dr Evans, an evolutionary biologist and Australian Research Fellow, said the study was unique because most previous work had focused on microevolution, the small changes that occur within a species.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;"Instead we concentrated on large-scale changes in body size. We can now show that it took at least 24 million generations to make the proverbial mouse-to-elephant size change -- a massive change, but also a very long time,"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Dr Evans said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;"A less dramatic change, such as rabbit-sized to elephant-sized, takes 10 million generations."&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The paper looked at 28 different groups of mammals, including elephants, primates and whales, from various continents and ocean basins over the past 70 million years. Size change was tracked in generations rather than years to allow meaningful comparison between species with differing life spans.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Read more here/Leia mais aqui: &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120130171909.htm"&gt;Science Daily&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The maximum rate of mammal evolution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Alistair R. Evans&amp;nbsp;a,1, et al&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;aSchool of Biological Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;How fast can a mammal evolve from the size of a mouse to the size of an elephant?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Achieving such a large transformation calls for major biological reorganization. Thus, the speed at which this occurs has important implications for extensive faunal changes, including adaptive radiations and recovery from mass extinctions. To quantify the pace of large-scale evolution we developed a metric, clade maximum rate, which represents the maximum evolutionary rate of a trait within a clade. We applied this metric to body mass evolution in mammals over the last 70 million years, during which multiple large evolutionary transitions occurred in oceans and on continents and islands. Our computations suggest that it took a minimum of 1.6, 5.1, and 10 million generations for terrestrial mammal mass to increase 100-, and 1,000-, and 5,000-fold, respectively. Values for whales were down to half the length (i.e., 1.1, 3, and 5 million generations), perhaps due to the reduced mechanical constraints of living in an aquatic environment. When differences in generation time are considered, we find an exponential increase in maximum mammal body mass during the 35 million years following the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event. Our results also indicate a basic asymmetry in macroevolution: very large decreases (such as extreme insular dwarfism) can happen at more than 10 times the rate of increases. Our findings allow more rigorous comparisons of microevolutionary and macroevolutionary patterns and processes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;haldanes,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;biological time,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;scaling,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;pedomorphosis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Footnotes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;1To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="mailto:arevans@fastmail.fm"&gt;arevans@fastmail.fm&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="mailto:jhbrown@unm.edu"&gt;jhbrown@unm.edu&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Professores, pesquisadores e alunos de universidades públicas ou privadas com acesso ao site &lt;a href="http://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/"&gt;CAPES/Periódicos&lt;/a&gt; podem ler gratuitamente este artigo do PNAS e de mais 22.440 publicações científicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The authors declare no conflict of interest.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This article contains supporting information online at&lt;a href="http://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1120774109/-/DCSupplemental"&gt;www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1120774109/-/DCSupplemental&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-6702761289441416293?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/6702761289441416293'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/6702761289441416293'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/02/de-rato-elefante-os-seus-problemas.html' title='De rato a elefante? Os seus problemas evolucionários acabaram: espere sentado 24 milhões de gerações'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y3U7bzHCS7I/TyqAPiltWSI/AAAAAAAAEAQ/4kHC3WCClw0/s72-c/Dr.+Alistair+Evans+with+the+skulls+of+a+mouse+and+an+elephant+-+Monash+University.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-3995662514682447347</id><published>2012-02-02T10:14:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-02-02T10:14:10.830-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Cientistas provam a plausibilidade de um novo caminho para os blocos químicos construtores de vida</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Scientists Prove Plausibility of New Pathway to Life's Chemical Building Blocks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;ScienceDaily (Jan. 31, 2012) — For decades, chemists considered a chemical pathway known as the formose reaction the only route for producing sugars essential for life to begin, but more recent research has called into question the plausibility of such thinking. Now a group from The Scripps Research Institute has proven an alternative pathway to those sugars called the glyoxylate scenario, which may push the field of pre-life chemistry past the formose reaction hurdle.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-u-NMQK_dTX8/Typ7iqXuEoI/AAAAAAAAEAI/iJNkx52dTZM/s1600/Seashore+-+Michelle+Hogan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="327" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-u-NMQK_dTX8/Typ7iqXuEoI/AAAAAAAAEAI/iJNkx52dTZM/s400/Seashore+-+Michelle+Hogan.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Scientists show plausibility of new pathway to life's chemical building blocks. (Credit: Copyright Michele Hogan)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The team is reporting the results of their highly successful experiments online ahead of print in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;"We were working in uncharted territory," says Ramanarayanan ("Ram") Krishnamurthy, a Scripps Research chemist who led the research, "We didn't know what to expect but the glyoxylate scenario with respect to formation of carbohydrates is not a hypothesis anymore, it's an experimental fact."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The quest to recreate the chemistry that might have allowed life to emerge on a prehistoric Earth began in earnest in the 1950s. Since that time researchers have focused on a chemical path known as the formose reaction as a potential route from the simple, small molecules that might have been present on Earth before life began to the complex sugars essential to life, at least life as we know it now.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Read more here/Leia mais aqui: &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120131175629.htm"&gt;Science Daily&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Exploratory Experiments on the Chemistry of the “Glyoxylate Scenario”: Formation of Ketosugars from Dihydroxyfumarate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Vasudeva Naidu Sagi, Venkateshwarlu Punna, Fang Hu, Geeta Meher, and Ramanarayanan Krishnamurthy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;J. Am. Chem. Soc., Just Accepted Manuscript&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;DOI: 10.1021/ja211383c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Publication Date (Web): January 13, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Copyright © 2012 American Chemical Society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;In the context of a “glyoxylate scenario”of a primordial metabolism&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, the reactions of dihydroxyfumarate (DHF) with reactive small molecule aldehydes (e.g. glyoxylate, formaldehyde, glycolaldehyde and glyceraldehyde) in water were investigated, and shown to form dihydroxyacetone, tetrulose and the two pentuloses, with almost quantitative conversion. The practically clean and selective formation of ketoses in these reactions – with no detectable admixture of aldoses – stands in stark contrast to the formose reaction, where a complex mixture of linear and branched, aldoses and ketoses are produced. These results suggest that the reaction of DHF with aldehydes could constitute a reasonable pathway for the formation of carbohydrates, and allow for alternative potential prebiotic scenarios to the formose reaction to be considered.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The formose reaction begins with formaldehyde, thought to be a plausible constituent of a prebiotic world, going through a series of chemical transformation leading to simple and then more complex sugars, including ribose, which is a key building block in DNA and RNA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;But as chemists continued to study the formose reaction they realized that the chemistry involved is quite messy, producing lots of sugars with no apparent biological use and only the tiniest bit of ribose. As such experimental results mounted, the plausibility of the formose reaction as the prebiotic sugar builder came into question. But the problem was that no one had established a reasonable alternative.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Subscription or payment needed/Requer assinatura ou pagamento: &lt;a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja211383c"&gt;Journal of American Chemical Society&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-3995662514682447347?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/3995662514682447347'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/3995662514682447347'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/02/cientistas-provam-plausibilidade-de-um.html' title='Cientistas provam a plausibilidade de um novo caminho para os blocos químicos construtores de vida'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-u-NMQK_dTX8/Typ7iqXuEoI/AAAAAAAAEAI/iJNkx52dTZM/s72-c/Seashore+-+Michelle+Hogan.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-5489563401501904900</id><published>2012-02-02T09:53:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-02-02T09:53:10.098-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Ausência de arsênio no DNA de células GFAJ-1 cultivadas à base de arsênio</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Você se lembra do &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://veja.abril.com.br/noticia/ciencia/nasa-descobre-bacteria-que-se-alimenta-de-arsenio" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;anúncio feito por uma cientista da NASA de a origem da vida ter se dado à base de arsênio&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;? Pois é, esta descoberta foi veemente criticada por vários cientistas. Entre eles, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/?art=7059&amp;amp;bd=2&amp;amp;pg=1&amp;amp;lg" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Rose Redfield&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Ela se propôs reproduzir a descoberta da NASA, e não achou o que foi alardeado como lançando luz sobre a origem da vida. Eis o artigo dela e seu grupo:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Absence of arsenate in DNA from arsenate-grown GFAJ-1 cells&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://arxiv.org/find/q-bio/1/au:+Reaves_M/0/1/0/all/0/1"&gt;M. L. Reaves&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://arxiv.org/find/q-bio/1/au:+Sinha_S/0/1/0/all/0/1"&gt;S. Sinha&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://arxiv.org/find/q-bio/1/au:+Rabinowitz_J/0/1/0/all/0/1"&gt;J. D. Rabinowitz&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://arxiv.org/find/q-bio/1/au:+Kruglyak_L/0/1/0/all/0/1"&gt;L. Kruglyak&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://arxiv.org/find/q-bio/1/au:+Redfield_R/0/1/0/all/0/1"&gt;R. J. Redfield&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;(Submitted on 31 Jan 2012)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Wolfe-Simon et al. reported isolation of a strain of Halomonas bacteria, GFAJ-1, which could use arsenic as a nutrient when phosphate is limiting, and which could specifically incorporate arsenic into its DNA in place of phosphorus. We have found that arsenate is not needed for growth of GFAJ-1 when phosphate is limiting. Additionally, we used mass spectrometry to show that DNA purified from cells grown with limiting phosphate and abundant arsenate does not contain detectable arsenate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Comments: Submitted to Science January 30 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Subjects: Biomolecules (q-bio.BM)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Cite as: &lt;a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.6643v1"&gt;arXiv:1201.6643v1&lt;/a&gt; [q-bio.BM]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Submission historyFrom: Rosemary Redfield [&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://arxiv.org/auth/show-email/b83ea528/1201.6643" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;view email&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;[v1] Tue, 31 Jan 2012 18:37:30 GMT (828kb)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/1201.6643v1"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;NOTA DESTE BLOGGER:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O Mysterium tremendum da origem da vida continua Mysterium tremendum, mas os nossos alunos do ensino continuam sendo engabelados pelos autores de livros-texto de Biologia do ensino médio, todos aprovados pelo MEC/SEMTEC/PNLEM (us qui iscrevi erradu é qui istá sertu? Lembra???), quando há muito tempo os cientistas já descartaram as hipóteses de Oparin-Haldane e Urey-Miller porque não foram corroboradas no contexto de justificação teórica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Haja objetividade científica e sujeição às evidências. O nome disse é DESONESTIDADE ACADÊMICA, 171 epistêmico!!!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-5489563401501904900?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5489563401501904900'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5489563401501904900'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/02/ausencia-de-arsenio-no-dna-de-celulas.html' title='Ausência de arsênio no DNA de células GFAJ-1 cultivadas à base de arsênio'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-7338819940871446497</id><published>2012-02-01T14:37:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-02-01T14:37:31.225-02:00</updated><title type='text'>A nova biologia: além da Síntese Moderna porque uma teoria científica morta desde 1980!!!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The new biology: beyond the Modern Synthesis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Michael R Rose&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;* and Todd H Oakley&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;*Corresponding author: Michael R Rose &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:mrrose@uci.edu" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;mrrose@uci.edu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2525 USA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;2Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610 USA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;For all author emails, please &lt;a href="http://www.biology-direct.com/logon"&gt;log on&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Biology Direct 2007, 2:30 doi:10.1186/1745-6150-2-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Received: 17 October 2007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Accepted: 24 November 2007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Published: 24 November 2007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;© 2007 Rose and Oakley; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (&lt;a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"&gt;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0&lt;/a&gt; ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Background&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;The last third of the 20th Century featured an accumulation of research findings that severely challenged the assumptions of the "Modern Synthesis" which provided the foundations for most biological research during that century. The foundations of that "Modernist" biology had thus largely crumbled by the start of the 21st Century. This in turn raises the question of foundations for biology in the 21st Century.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Like the physical sciences in the first half of the 20th Century, biology at the start of the 21st Century is achieving a substantive maturity of theory, experimental tools, and fundamental findings thanks to relatively secure foundations in genomics. Genomics has also forced biologists to connect evolutionary and molecular biology, because these formerly Balkanized disciplines have been brought together as actors on the genomic stage. Biologists are now addressing the evolution of genetic systems using more than the concepts of population biology alone, and the problems of cell biology using more than the tools of biochemistry and molecular biology alone. It is becoming increasingly clear that solutions to such basic problems as aging, sex, development, and genome size potentially involve elements of biological science at every level of organization, from molecule to population. The new biology knits together genomics, bioinformatics, evolutionary genetics, and other such general-purpose tools to supply novel explanations for the paradoxes that undermined Modernist biology.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Open Peer Reviewers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This article was reviewed by W.F. Doolittle, E.V. Koonin, and J.M. Logsdon. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' Comments section.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.biology-direct.com/content/pdf/1745-6150-2-30.pdf"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt; [487 KB]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;NOTA CAUSTICANTE DESTE BLOGGER:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Achei interessante este parágrafo logo no início:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Dead parts of the Modern Synthesis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;It is important to be clear about common, though not necessarily universal, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;assumptions of mid-20th Century biology that have been discarded&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. A partial listing would include at least the following:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;• The genome is always a well-organized library of genes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;• Genes usually have single functions that have been specifically honed by powerful natural selection.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;• Species are finely adjusted to their ecological circumstances due to efficient adaptive adjustment of biochemical functions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;• The durable units of evolution are species, and within them the organisms, organs, cells, and molecules, which are characteristic of the species.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;• Given the adaptive nature of each organism and cell, their machinery can be modeled using principles of efficient design.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fui, nem sei por que, rindo da cara de alguns cientistas da Nomenklatura científica, autores de livros didáticos de Biologia do ensino médio aprovados pelo MEC/SEMTEC/PNLEM, e da Galera dos meninos e meninas de Darwin que diziam que os comentários críticos que eu fazia aqui neste blog eram infundados, e que não havia crise nenhuma na teoria da evolução! &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mentirosos por Darwin, vocês foram apanhados de calças curtas, e eu estou sendo vindicado por cientistas evolucionistas HONESTOS!!!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-7338819940871446497?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/7338819940871446497'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/7338819940871446497'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/02/nova-biologia-alem-da-sintese-moderna.html' title='A nova biologia: além da Síntese Moderna porque uma teoria científica morta desde 1980!!!'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-8181100051530673029</id><published>2012-02-01T08:43:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-02-01T10:17:56.020-02:00</updated><title type='text'>EXTRA! EXTRA! EXTRA! Darwin indo para a lata do lixo da História da Ciência</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;BIOLOGICAL THEORY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Volume 6, Number 1, 89-102, DOI: 10.1007/s13752-011-0007-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;ORIGINAL PAPER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The Fate of Darwinism: Evolution After the Modern Synthesis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;David J. Depew and Bruce H. Weber&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;We trace the history of &lt;b&gt;the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis&lt;/b&gt;, and of &lt;b&gt;genetic Darwinism&lt;/b&gt; generally, with a view to showing why, even in its current versions, &lt;b&gt;it can no longer serve as a general framework for evolutionary theory&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;The main reason is empirical&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;b&gt;Genetical Darwinism cannot accommodate the role of development (and of genes in development) in many evolutionary processes&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;We go on to discuss two conceptual issues: &lt;b&gt;whether natural selection can be the “creative factor” in a new, more general framework for evolutionary theorizing&lt;/b&gt;; and &lt;b&gt;whether in such a framework organisms must be conceived as self-organizing systems embedded in self-organizing ecological systems&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Keywords  Developmental Systems Theory – Ecological systems – Genetical Darwinism – Hierarchical expansion (of synthesis) – Modern Evolutionary Synthesis – Natural selection – Niche construction – Self-organization – Selfish gene theory&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Subscription or payment needed/Requer assinatura ou pagamento: &lt;a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/845x02v03g3t7002/"&gt;Biological Theory&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Infelizmente professores, pesquisadores e alunos de universidades públicas e privadas com acesso ao site &lt;a href="http://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/"&gt;CAPES/Periódicos&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;não poderão ler gratuitamente este artigo do Biological Theory e de mais 22.440 publicações científicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;NOTA DESTE BLOGGER AO AMIGO &lt;a href="http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=B64061"&gt;CHARBEL NIÑO EL-HANI&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Numa palestra que dei na Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie sobre a plausibilidade científica da teoria do Design Inteligente, em 2007 (se não me falha a memória) você me abordou na saída e me disse: "Enézio, você embarcou numa canoa furada!" E eu lhe respondi: "Charbel, eu estou apostando todas as minhas fichas no cavalo do Design Inteligente".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Parece que a história da ciência está me vindicando Charbel... pois o cavalo de Darwin está mais para pangaré epistêmico do que outra coisa!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-8181100051530673029?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/8181100051530673029'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/8181100051530673029'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/02/extra-extra-extra-darwin-indo-para-lata.html' title='EXTRA! EXTRA! EXTRA! Darwin indo para a lata do lixo da História da Ciência'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-8131723473496998355</id><published>2012-01-31T05:33:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-31T10:58:52.539-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Darwinista admite em resenha de livro de James Shapiro: cresce o número de cientistas não convencidos da robustez epistêmica do Darwinismo</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/reviewing-james-shapiros-book-darwinist-admits-growing-number-of-gene-scientists-unconvinced-by-darwinism/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Resenhando o livro de James Shapiro,darwinista admite: cresce o número de geneticistas não convencidos pelo Darwinismo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-604q2Mi8kFk/TyeaSNfGmCI/AAAAAAAAEAA/_5__-efdkVE/s1600/Evolution+-+a+view+from+the+21st+century+-+Shapiro.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-604q2Mi8kFk/TyeaSNfGmCI/AAAAAAAAEAA/_5__-efdkVE/s400/Evolution+-+a+view+from+the+21st+century+-+Shapiro.jpg" width="265" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Recentemente [no blog &lt;a href="http://www.uncommondescent.com/"&gt;UncommonDescent&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;],nós temos visto &lt;a href="http://shapiro.bsd.uchicago.edu/"&gt;James Shapiro&lt;/a&gt;, um geneticista molecular não darwinista, e autordo livro &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/james-shapiros-evolution-a-view-from-the-21st-century-free-on-kindle/"&gt;Evolution: A View from the 21st Century&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, debater os teóricos epesquisadores do Design Inteligente. Eis uma &lt;a href="http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/01/24/gbe.evs008.full.pdf+html"&gt;resenha&lt;/a&gt; de sua obra por AdamWilkins, um expoente biólogo do Reino Unido, e ex-editor do journal BioEssays, publicadono Genome Biology and Evolution (24 de Janeiro de 2012). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;[Nota deste blogger: uma resenha de 10 páginas!]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Wilkins admite algo que todo mundosabe, mas que alguns darwinistas convictos como ele irão admitir de verdade: umcrescente grupo de cientistas, especialmente aqueles da biologia molecular,biologia do desenvolvimento ou genética do desenvolvimento, e da microbiologianão está convencido do suposto poder da seleção natural de Darwin em criar omundo de vida que nós vemos:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“…the book’s contention that naturalselection’s importance for evolution has been hugely overstated represents apoint of view that has a growing set of adherents. (A few months ago, I wasamazed to hear it expressed, in the strongest terms, from another highlyeminent microbiologist.) My impression is that evolutionary biology isincreasingly separating into two camps, divided over just this question. On theone hand are the population geneticists and evolutionary biologists whocontinue to believe that selection has a ‘creative’ and crucial role inevolution and, on the other, there is a growing body of scientists (largelythose who have come into evolution from molecular biology, developmentalbiology or developmental genetics, and microbiology) who reject it”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;[“…o argumentos sustentado dolivro de que a importância da seleção natural para a evolução tem sidoimensamente exagerada representa um ponto de vista que tem um grupo crescente deadeptos. (Alguns meses atrás, eu fiquei surpreso de ouvir isso expresso, nostermos mais contundentes, de um outro microbiólogo muito eminente.) A minha impressãoé que a biologia evolucionária está cada vez mais se separando em dois campos,divididos justamente sobre esta questão. De um lado estão os geneticistas depopulação e os biólogos evolucionários que continuam a acreditar que a seleçãotem um papel ‘criador’ e crucial na evolução, e de outro lado, há um grupocrescente de cientistas (a maioria deles que entraram na evolução vindo dabiologia molecular, da biologia do desenvolvimento ou da genética dedesenvolvimento, e a da microbiologia) que a rejeitam”.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Ele pensa que isso ainda não sejauma crise de paradigma a la Thomas Kuhn.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O resto da resenha é interessante,especialmente sua defesa da seleção natural:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“The arguments from paleontological evidencefor the importance of natural selection largely concern the observed long-termtrends of morphological change, which are visible in many lineages. It is hardto imagine what else but natural selection could be responsible for suchtrends, unless one invokes supernatural or mystical forces such as thelong-popular but ultimately discredited force of ‘orthogenesis’.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;[“Os argumentos da evidência paleontológicaa favor da importância da seleção natural diz respeito, na sua maioria, àstendências de mudanças morfológicas de longo tempo, que são visíveis em muitaslinhagens. É difícil imaginar o que mais, a não ser a seleção natural pudesseser responsável por tais tendências, a menos que alguém invoque forçassobrenaturais ou místicas tais como a muito popular, mas definitivamentedesacreditada força da ‘ortogênese’.”]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Considere o que isso significa: Averdadeira razão em colocar Darwin &amp;nbsp;somente[como explicação] – em oposição a qualquer outra maneira pela qual a evoluçãopossa ocorrer – é que de outro modo nós devemos invocar o sobrenatural?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Alguém pode seperguntar o que todos esses cientistas que rejeitam “Darwin somente” pensamdisso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Nosso velho amigo Larry Moran pensaque deriva genética é importante na evolução. (Eu te peguei! Um católico noarmário!)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Lynn Margulis, famosapor causa da endosimbiose? &lt;/span&gt;(Oh, você sabe o que eles dizem dela…)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;E opróprio Shapiro? (Eu ouvi dizer que ele vai a reuniões secretas com … )&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Finalmente, as pessoas que queremouvir a si mesmas, pensam que elas têm que dizer o suficiente. A evidência é importante.A falta de evidência é importante. A liberdade de pensar é importante.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;E a evolução não é sobre protegera posição do lobby de Darwin vs. Deus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;NOTA DESTE BLOGGER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A Nomenklatura científica já tomou conhecimento do poder epistemológico das teses de Shapiro (um cientista evolucionista não darwinista) neste livro, que só falta dizer: uma iminente e eminente mudança paradigmática em biologia evolucionária já se faz necessária.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Você não vai ler sobre essas questões de ceticismo sobre a eficácia da seleção natural em sites de ciência como o &lt;a href="http://hypescience.com/"&gt;HypeScience&lt;/a&gt;, em outros blogs científicos, muito menos nas publicações de divulgação científica como o &lt;a href="http://www.jornaldaciencia.org.br/"&gt;JC E-Mail&lt;/a&gt; (órgão da SBPC), &lt;a href="http://cienciahoje.uol.com.br/"&gt;Ciência Hoje&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://revistagalileu.globo.com/"&gt;Galileu&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://super.abril.com.br/"&gt;SuperInteressante&lt;/a&gt;, e os jornais e revistas como a &lt;a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/"&gt;Folha de São Paulo&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.estadao.com.br/"&gt;O Estado de São Paulo&lt;/a&gt;, &amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://oglobo.globo.com/"&gt;Globo&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://veja.abril.com.br/"&gt;Veja&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://revistaepoca.globo.com/"&gt;Época&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por que esses grandes veículos midiáticos não abordam temas assim? Por que, hein?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;É porque quando a questão é Darwin, é tutti cosa nostra, capice???&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-8131723473496998355?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/8131723473496998355'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/8131723473496998355'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/darwinista-admite-em-resenha-de-livro.html' title='Darwinista admite em resenha de livro de James Shapiro: cresce o número de cientistas não convencidos da robustez epistêmica do Darwinismo'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-604q2Mi8kFk/TyeaSNfGmCI/AAAAAAAAEAA/_5__-efdkVE/s72-c/Evolution+-+a+view+from+the+21st+century+-+Shapiro.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-6103832029577886566</id><published>2012-01-29T21:39:00.005-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-30T20:59:40.086-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Sobre o HypeScience: o que fazer com um site ideologicamente vendido ao naturalismo filosófico</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zdJ7TO9mJeM/TyZPiATBbrI/AAAAAAAAD_4/cGWYvBrVuD4/s1600/HypeScience+logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="100" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zdJ7TO9mJeM/TyZPiATBbrI/AAAAAAAAD_4/cGWYvBrVuD4/s400/HypeScience+logo.png" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O site &lt;a href="http://hypescience.%20com/"&gt;HypeScience&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;afirma ser um site de ciência, e que todas as vezes que publica artigos sobre o Big Bang, a idade da Terra e o fato da evolução, sofre ataques frequentes de criacionistas com seus comentários defendendo “mitos religiosos”. Sofria, pois os responsáveis pelo site decidiram:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“Comentários de natureza criacionista que neguem a Teoria da Evolução das Espécies, a real idade da Terra ou do Universo e afins serão sumariamente removidos (juntamente com suas réplicas) por criarem discussões cíclicas inúteis”.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;(&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://hypescience.com/sobre-os-comentarios-o-que-fazemos-com-os-comentarios-criacionistas/"&gt;Sobre os comentários: O que fazer com os criacionistas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Não vou comentar a decisão do HypeScience censurar esses criacionistas, nem sobre o Big Bang, tampouco sobre a idade da Terra, muito menos defender os criacionistas que fizeram comentários inúteis, mas vou comentar sobre a afirmação do HypeScience de que “&lt;b&gt;a evolução biológica é um fato&lt;/b&gt;”:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“Há inúmeras provas irrefutáveis que mostram a inexorabilidade deste processo que vem acontecendo há milhões de anos. A cada dia surgem mais evidências tanto da paleontologia quanto do campo genética e da biologia molecular. Há muita gente séria trabalhando nisso e inúmeras revistas científicas seculares com um enorme acervo de dados a disposição de todos”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Sim, a evolução biológica é um fato, mas de qual evolução o HypeScience mencionou há “inúmeras provas irrefutáveis que mostram a inexorabilidade deste processo que vem acontecendo há milhões de anos”?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Primeiro, e talvez o pessoal do HypeScience não saiba, mas a teoria de Darwin não é uma ideia única: ela é um conglomerado de diversas ideias relacionadas, cada uma apoiada por argumentos específicos:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Evolução #1: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aqui a evolução significa que as formas de vida que nós vemos hoje são diferentes das formas de vida que existiram no passado distante. Evolução como “mudança ao longo do tempo” também pode se referir a mudanças mínimas em características das espécies de espécies individuais – mudanças que ocorrem num curto espaço de tempo. Até os céticos da teoria de Darwin concordam que este tipo de “mudança ao longo do tempo” ocorre.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Evolução #2: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Alguns cientistas associam a palavra “evolução” com a ideia de que todos os organismos que nós vemos hoje descendem de &amp;nbsp;um único ancestral comum em algum lugar no passado distante. A afirmação se tornou conhecida como a Teoria da Descendência Comum Universal. Esta teoria pinta um quadro da história da vida na Terra como sendo uma grande árvore cheia de galhos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Evolução #3: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Finalmente, algumas pessoas usam o termo “evolução” para se referir a uma causa ou mecanismo de mudança, o processo biológico que Darwin pensou fosse responsável por este padrão de ramificação. Darwin argumentou que a seleção natural tinha o poder de produzir fundamentalmente novas formas de vida. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Juntas, as ideias da Descendência Comum Universal e a seleção natural formam o cerne da teoria da evolução darwinista. A evolução neodarwinista combina o nosso conhecimento sobre o DNA e a genética para afirmar que as mutações no DNA fornecem a variação sobre a qual a seleção natural age.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Embora surjam “mais evidências tanto da paleontologia quanto do campo genética e da biologia molecular” essas evidências, uma leitura objetiva e isenta da literatura especializada revela que nem sempre essas evidências são favoráveis ao estabelecimento do fato da evolução, e apontam noutra direção.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Vide:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mackenzie.br/16607.html"&gt;ALMEIDA FILHO, E. E. “A sugestão de Edgar Morin para o ensino das incertezas das ciências da evolução química e biológica — uma bibliografia brevemente comentada”&lt;/a&gt;, in Anais do II Congresso Nacional de Licenciaturas 2009, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, em&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #f9feee; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; text-align: left;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #f9feee; line-height: 26px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;01/10/2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;. [Link não localizado] &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Neste trabalho, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;mais de 100 pesquisas e artigos abordam as&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;‘zonas de incertezas’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;das ciências da evolução química e biológica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; que Edgar Morin sugeriu em &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;1999&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt; à UNESCO fossem ensinadas para a educação do futuro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Além disso, quando se discute evolução é preciso ter em mente quais das três definições acima estão sendo usadas? Atualmente, a maioria dos críticos do Neodarwinismo focaliza na Evolução #2 ou na Evolução #3. Todavia, a discussão ou debate fica confuso quando alguém pega uma evidência a favor da Evolução #1, e tenta fazer com que pareça apoiando a Evolução #2 ou a Evolução #3. &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Assim, alguém pode criticar ou discutir os problemas fundamentais da Evolução #2 ou Evolução #3 no contexto de justificação teórica, mas é falsamente acusado de rejeitar também a Evolução #1. Isso simplesmente não é o caso, pois até biólogos dissidentes do neodarwinismo aceitam a  Evolução #1.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A ciência avança pela discussão de pontos de vistas teóricos diferentes. Este site aqui não quer que se discuta as predições propostas pela atual teoria da evolução de Darwin que fracassaram? Entre muitas fracassadas, cito algumas:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;1. O fracasso da biologia evolucionária fornecer explicações evolucionárias detalhadas para a origem das características bioquímicas complexas;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;2. O fracasso do registro fossil em fornecer apoio para a evolução darwinista;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;3. O fracasso da biologia molecular em fornecer evidência para a descendência comum universal;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;4. O fracasso da Genética e da Química explicar a origem do código genético;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;5. O fracasso da biologia do desenvolvimento explicar por que os embriões de vertebrados divergem no início do desenvolvimento.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Como site de ciência, HypeScience, em vez de afirmar veementemente que a evolução biológica (sem qualificar qual dos seus três significados acima) é um fato,  deveria abordar as questões sobre o fato, Fato, FATO da evolução que não são corroborados no contexto de justificação teórica e que são debatidas intramuros pela comunidade científica.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Como site de ciência, o HypeScience deveria, mas não me lembro de ter visto (recebo sua newsletter online), mencionar que a teoria da evolução atual, a Síntese Evolutiva Moderna foi considerada uma teoria científica morta em 1980, mas que posa como ortodoxia científica nos livros didáticos, por ninguém nada menos do que Stephen Jay Gould, um paleontólogo evolucionista.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Como site de ciência, o HypeScience deveria, mas não me lembro de ter visto, mencionar que, devido as montanhas de evidências contrárias trazidas por diversas áreas científicas no século 20 e século 21, especialmente a genômica, os cientistas estão trabalhando na elaboração de uma nova teoria geral da evolução – a Síntese Evolutiva Ampliada, que não deverá ser selecionista (contra Darwin) e deverá incorporar alguns aspectos lamarckistas (&lt;i&gt;Lamarck redivivus?&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Talvez este site de ciência nem saiba, mas a nova teoria geral da evolução será apresentada à comunidade científica e ao público somente em 2020.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Desde 1859 as especulações transformistas de Darwin promovidas no &lt;i&gt;Origem das espécies &lt;/i&gt;(que não explicou o que o título prometia, e nem a origem das variações) sofre críticas e rejeição, não somente da parte de religiosos, mas de cientistas. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hoje, também não é diferente. Há cientistas, membros de Academias de Ciências e professores em renomadas universidades que são críticos e dissidentes de Darwin. Tem teístas, mas há alguns ateus, agnósticos e céticos. &lt;a href="http://www.dissentfromdarwin.org/"&gt;Vide lista&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Ah, o site HypeScience, um site de ciência, deveria saber que é o contraditório que faz avançar a ciência, e que não existe &lt;i&gt;Theoria perennis&lt;/i&gt; em ciência. Nem a teoria da evolução de Darwin através da seleção natural e n mecanismos evolucionários de A a Z. Razão? Por ser um construto humano para a descrição da realidade encontrada na natureza, sujeito a revisões, ajustes e até o simples descarte (mudança paradigmática).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Mas isso, o HypeScience não abordará online, pois é um site que aceita as proposições transformistas de Darwin sem nenhum questionamento científico. QED, o HypeScience não é um site de ciência, mas sim um site ideológico promovendo o naturalismo filosófico como se fosse ciência.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;HypeScience, uma dose de ceticismo salutar contra Darwin é científico, muito mais do que vocês imaginam!!!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;* &lt;/span&gt;Trabalho apresentado no&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;II Congresso Nacional de Licenciaturas 2009, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, em&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #f9feee; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; text-align: left;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #f9feee; line-height: 26px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;01/10/2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;A Sugestão de Egar Morin para o ensino das incertezas das ciências da evolução química e biológica – uma bibliografia brevemente comentada&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enézio Eugênio de Almeida Filho&lt;br /&gt;Ms em História da Ciência&lt;br /&gt;Doutorando em História da Ciência &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;[Naquela ocasião]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo &lt;br /&gt;Email: neddy@uol.com.br&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Resumo: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No seu livro &lt;i&gt;Os sete saberes necessários à educação do futuro&lt;/i&gt;, Edgar Morin sugeriu à UNESCO incluir o estudo das incertezas que surgiram nas ciências físicas, nas ciências da evolução biológica e nas ciências históricas no século XX. Este artigo expande a sugestão feita por Morin em 1999 ao apresentar alguns exemplos da discussão de algumas linhas de evidências usadas para defender a evolução química ou biológica em livros-texto de biologia do ensino médio. Os argumentos apresentados por esses especialistas contradizem aspectos fundamentais das atuais teorias da evolução química e biológica, especialmente aqueles apresentados aos alunos em livros didáticos. Esses exemplos de discussão estão divididos em cinco seções, com uma breve descrição de suas implicações para a evolução química e biológica em um contexto de justificação teórica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Palavras-chave: Charles Darwin, Edgar Morin, Teoria da evolução química, Teoria da evolução biológica, Incertezas &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abstract: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In his book &lt;i&gt;Seven complex lessons in education for the future&lt;/i&gt;, Edgar Morin suggested to UNESCO to include the study of uncertainties that have emerged in the physical sciences, the sciences of biological evolution, the historical sciences in the 20th century. This article expands the suggestion made by Morin in 1999 by presenting some examples of the discussion of some lines of evidence used for defending the chemical or biological evolution in high school textbooks. The arguments presented by these specialists contradict fundamental aspects of current chemical and biological evolutionary theories, especially those presented to the students in textbooks. These examples of discussion are divided in five sections with a brief description of its implications for the chemical and biological evolution in a context of theoretical justification.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Key-words: Charles Darwin, Edgar Morin, Chemical theory of evolution, Biological theory of evolution, Uncertainties&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;**&lt;/span&gt; Para mais informações sobre os significados do termo 'evolução', vide “&lt;a href="http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/filesDB-download.php?id=305"&gt;The Meanings of Evolução&lt;/a&gt;” por Stephen Meyer e Michael Keas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Texto elaborado com materiais do &lt;a href="http://www.discovery.org/"&gt;Discovery Institute&lt;/a&gt; e seus vários blogs de ciência.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-6103832029577886566?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/6103832029577886566'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/6103832029577886566'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/sobre-o-hypescience-o-que-fazer-com-um.html' title='Sobre o HypeScience: o que fazer com um site ideologicamente vendido ao naturalismo filosófico'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zdJ7TO9mJeM/TyZPiATBbrI/AAAAAAAAD_4/cGWYvBrVuD4/s72-c/HypeScience+logo.png' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-102363416114504668</id><published>2012-01-29T08:53:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-29T08:53:59.764-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Afinal de contas, Darwin roubou a ideia de seleção natural de Wallace???</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Cross-curricular resources: Darwin Day&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;resources | Published in TES magazine on 27 January, 2012 | By: James Williams&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Last Updated:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;27 January, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Section:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;resources&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Did Darwin steal the idea of evolution from a young rival?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;James Williams explores the truth behind the conspiracy theory&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Darwin Day, 12 February&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Charles Darwin (1809-82) will forever be linked with the theory of evolution by means of natural selection, which explains how life on Earth has developed and diversified over three billion years from the simplest single-celled organisms to the vast richness of flora and fauna we can see today.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;What is less well known is that this elegant theory was also conceived by another, more obscure scientist: Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913). Wallace’s role is often played down or ignored altogether. Yet a hardcore group is convinced that herein lies a scientific conspiracy to cover up the fact that Darwin stole his groundbreaking theory from Wallace.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Evolution was not a new idea when Darwin outlined his theory. His grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, had written about changes in species, and others - including Edward Blyth, a museum curator, and Patrick Matthew, a wealthy Scottish landowner - had recorded variation in plants and animals, a form of natural selection. But there is no evidence that Darwin knew about Blyth’s and Matthew’s work before he developed his own ideas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The case of Wallace is much more interesting. Born in the village of Llanbadoc, near Usk in Wales, he was not from the same elevated social class as Darwin. His father was a bankrupt failed solicitor and, although Wallace attended grammar school, he never went to university, instead training as a surveyor. But in 1848 he travelled to the Amazon with the intention of discovering the origin of species, inspired partly by reading Darwin’s The Voyage of the Beagle.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A self-taught naturalist, Wallace earned his living by sending specimens back to private collectors and museums in England. His first journey ended in disaster when, on the return voyage, his ship caught fire and sank, taking his vast collection with it. Using the insurance money he arranged a second trip to the Malay Archipelago, and it was here that he conceived his idea of evolution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Early in 1858, suffering from malaria and confined to his bed, he recalled an essay on populations by Thomas Malthus (coincidentally, the same essay that inspired Darwin), describing how natural disaster and starvation kept populations in check. It hit him in a flash - only the fittest would survive. He wrote down his ideas and sent them to a client who had complimented him on an earlier article he had written about species: Charles Darwin. When Darwin received Wallace’s letter, he was devastated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Read more here/Leia mais aqui: &lt;a href="http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storyCode=6167888&amp;amp;s_cid=RESads_019"&gt;T'ES&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;NOTA CAUSTICANTE DESTE BLOGGER:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Somente Darwin pode nos dizer se ele roubou ou não a ideia de seleção natural de Wallace! Mas, a quem na infância mentir era coisa tão normal, nada de anormal seria Darwin ter mentido a todos sobre a originalidade da ideia de seleção natural, e de ter se apropriado das ideias de Wallace. Mas o guru de Down era muito liso, mais liso do que quiabo na sua retórica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O que pesa de forte suspeita contra Darwin, é que a correspondência com Wallace não foi arquivada por ele. Não arquivou? Ele que arquivou mais de 14.000 cartas enviadas e recebidas, não teve o cuidado de arquivar a correspondência com Wallace???&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Onde há fumaça, há fogo!!!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-102363416114504668?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/102363416114504668'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/102363416114504668'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/afinal-de-contas-darwin-roubou-ideia-de.html' title='Afinal de contas, Darwin roubou a ideia de seleção natural de Wallace???'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-4461477148672866977</id><published>2012-01-28T11:19:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-28T11:19:19.611-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Seguindo as pegadas genéticas fora da África: os primeiros humanos modernos se estabeleceram na Arábia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Following Genetic Footprints out of Africa: First Modern Humans Settled in Arabia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;ScienceDaily (Jan. 26, 2012) — A new study, using genetic analysis to look for clues about human migration over sixty thousand years ago, suggests that the first modern humans settled in Arabia on their way from the Horn of Africa to the rest of the world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7UvXQyuzpNc/TyPvuHQqPLI/AAAAAAAAD_o/5LKqxc4B9C8/s1600/Footprints+-+photoromano+-+Fotolia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7UvXQyuzpNc/TyPvuHQqPLI/AAAAAAAAD_o/5LKqxc4B9C8/s640/Footprints+-+photoromano+-+Fotolia.jpg" width="425" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;A new study, using genetic analysis to look for clues about human migration over sixty thousand years ago, suggests that the first modern humans settled in Arabia on their way from the Horn of Africa to the rest of the world. (Credit: © photoromano / Fotolia)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Led by the University of Leeds and the University of Porto in Portugal, the study is recently published in American Journal of Human Genetics and provides intriguing insight into the earliest stages of modern human migration, say the researchers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;"A major unanswered question regarding the dispersal of modern humans around the world concerns the geographical site of the first steps out of Africa,"&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; explains Dr Luísa Pereira from the Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP). &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;"One popular model predicts that the early stages of the dispersal took place across the Red Sea to southern Arabia, but direct genetic evidence has been thin on the ground."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The international research team, which included colleagues from across Europe, Arabia and North Africa, analysed three of the earliest non-African maternal lineages. These early branches are associated with the time period when modern humans first successfully moved out of Africa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Using mitochondrial DNA analysis, which traces the female line of descent and is useful for comparing relatedness between different populations, the researchers compared complete genomes from Arabia and the Near East with a database of hundreds more samples from Europe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;They found evidence for an ancient ancestry within Arabia.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Read more here/Leia mais aqui: &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120126123705.htm"&gt;Science Daily&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Copyright © 2012 The American Society of Human Genetics All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The American Journal of Human Genetics, 26 January 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;REPORT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The Arabian Cradle: Mitochondrial Relicts of the First Steps along the Southern Route out of Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Verónica Fernandes&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff2"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, Farida Alshamali&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff3"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;, Marco Alves&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, Marta D. Costa&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff2"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, Joana B. Pereira&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff2"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, Nuno M. Silva&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, Lotfi Cherni&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff4"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff5"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;, Nourdin Harich&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff6"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;, Viktor Cerny&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff7"&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff8"&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;, Pedro Soares&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, Martin B. Richards&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff2"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff9"&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#fn1"&gt;11&lt;/a&gt; and Luísa Pereira&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#aff10"&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#fn1"&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#cor1"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/ajhg/REcor.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,  &lt;a href="mailto:lpereira@ipatimup.pt"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/ajhg/REemail.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;1 Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-465, Portugal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;2 Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;3 General Department of Forensic Sciences and Criminology, Dubai Police General Headquarters, Dubai 1493, United Arab Emirates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;4 Laboratory of Genetics Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Tunis 2092, Tunisia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;5 Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;6 Laboratoire d'Anthropogénétique, Départment de Biologie, Université Chouaïb Doukkali, El Jadida 24000, Morocco&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;7 Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 43, Czech Republic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;8 Institute for Advanced Study, Paris 75648, France&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;9 School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;10 Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(11)00545-3#bcor1"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.cell.com/images/ajhg/REcor.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Corresponding author&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;11 These authors contributed equally to this work&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZhJtEITWLUc/TyP1tmJ1iQI/AAAAAAAAD_w/fB-W9VGTOwQ/s1600/Haplogrupo+-+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics.sml" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="215" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZhJtEITWLUc/TyP1tmJ1iQI/AAAAAAAAD_w/fB-W9VGTOwQ/s400/Haplogrupo+-+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics.sml" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A major unanswered question regarding the dispersal of modern humans around the world concerns the geographical site of the first human steps outside of Africa. The “southern coastal route” model predicts that the early stages of the dispersal took place when people crossed the Red Sea to southern Arabia, but genetic evidence has hitherto been tenuous. We have addressed this question by analyzing the three minor west-Eurasian haplogroups, N1, N2, and X. These lineages branch directly from the first non-African founder node, the root of haplogroup N, and coalesce to the time of the first successful movement of modern humans out of Africa, ∼60 thousand years (ka) ago. We sequenced complete mtDNA genomes from 85 Southwest Asian samples carrying these haplogroups and compared them with a database of 300 European examples. The results show that these minor haplogroups have a relict distribution that suggests an ancient ancestry within the Arabian Peninsula, and they most likely spread from the Gulf Oasis region toward the Near East and Europe during the pluvial period 55–24 ka ago. This pattern suggests that Arabia was indeed the first staging post in the spread of modern humans around the world.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Professores, pesquisadores e alunos de universidades públicas e privadas com acesso ao site &lt;a href="http://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/"&gt;CAPES/Periódicos&lt;/a&gt; podem ler gratuitamente este artigo do&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;American Journal of Human Genetics e de mais 22.440 publicações científicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-4461477148672866977?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/4461477148672866977'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/4461477148672866977'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/seguindo-as-pegadas-geneticas-fora-da.html' title='Seguindo as pegadas genéticas fora da África: os primeiros humanos modernos se estabeleceram na Arábia'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7UvXQyuzpNc/TyPvuHQqPLI/AAAAAAAAD_o/5LKqxc4B9C8/s72-c/Footprints+-+photoromano+-+Fotolia.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-3736761318831686072</id><published>2012-01-28T10:29:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-28T10:29:36.380-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Fóssil de bicho parecido com crocodilo é descoberto em SP</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;JC e-mail 4425, de 27 de Janeiro de 2012.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.jornaldaciencia.org.br/Detalhe.jsp?id=80935"&gt;13. Fóssil de bicho parecido com crocodilo é descoberto em SP&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Animal pré-histórico achado em Presidente Prudente tinha falsos chifres.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Ele era um bicho "bastante esquisito", nas palavras do paleontólogo Alexander Kellner, do Museu Nacional da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Viveu na era dos dinossauros, mas não era um dinossauro; tinha o formato de um crocodilo, mas diferentemente dos de hoje, tinha curiosos "chifres" no crânio. "Não existe nada parecido com ele", diz Kellner. E nenhum ser vivo hoje descende desse animal "crocodiliano" - semelhante a crocodilos - encontrado perto de Presidente Prudente (SP).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Descrito agora na revista "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", ele recebeu o nome Caryonosuchus pricei, do grego "cáryon", protuberâncias (os "chifres"), e "souchus", crocodilo. Animais como esse eram comuns no Brasil durante o período geológico Cretáceo superior, entre 83,5 a 65,5 milhões de anos atrás.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Antes desse período, os continentes estavam unidos na Pangeia, dividida em uma parte sul (Gondwana) e uma norte (Laurásia). Mas, com o processo de deriva continental, as partes foram se afastando. O que viria a ser a América do Sul ficou em certo isolamento no Cretáceo. "Isso permitiu aos crocodilianos ocuparem nichos ecológicos específicos", diz outro coautor do estudo, Diógenes de Almeida Campos, do Museu de Ciências da Terra do Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral, do Rio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Os "jacarés" de então "faziam de tudo": havia espécies que comiam insetos, outras tinham habitats marinhos, outras eram carnívoros predadores ou comedores de carniça -ou ambas as coisas, o que parece ser o caso do Caryonosuchus pricei. A variedade desses bichos mostra como a fauna no Brasil do Crétaceo era diversificada. "Ele tinha dentes fortes e serrilhados, ótimos para mastigar ossos e ter acesso ao tutano", afirma Campos. "Tinha dentes triangulares possantes com lâminas voltadas para fora em uma mandíbula e para dentro na outra, bons para cortar, quebrar ossos e atacar outros animais", completa Kellner.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;E nem tão grande assim: só se conhecem dentes, a parte anterior do crânio e a mandíbula inferior do animal, o que indicaria um comprimento de até 1,2 metro. Ou seja, não era uma ameaça aos grandes dinossauros. "Convivia com eles, cada qual na sua", diz Campos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Isso indicaria que poderiam ter comportamento semelhante ao das hienas. Além de comedoras de carniça, elas atacam em bando à noite. Teriam os crocodilomorfos dessa espécie hábitos semelhantes? Ainda não é possível saber. E para que serviam os "chifres"? "Essa é a grande pergunta", diz Kellner. Poderiam ser um meio de ajudar as espécies a se distinguirem entre si ou ter alguma função ainda desconhecida.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;(Folha de São Paulo)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-3736761318831686072?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/3736761318831686072'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/3736761318831686072'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/fossil-de-bicho-parecido-com-crocodilo.html' title='Fóssil de bicho parecido com crocodilo é descoberto em SP'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-1480317797830545458</id><published>2012-01-28T08:11:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-28T08:11:26.260-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Cientistas dissidentes 'falaram e disseram': Não há necessidade de entrar em pânico por causa do aquecimento global</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The Wall Street Journal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://online.wsj.com/public/search?article-doc-type=%7BCommentary+%28U.S.%29%7D&amp;amp;HEADER_TEXT=commentary+%28u.s."&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;OPINION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;JANUARY 27, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;No Need to Panic About Global Warming&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;There's no compelling scientific argument for drastic action to 'decarbonize' the world's economy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Editor's Note: The following has been signed by the 16 scientists listed at the end of the article:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;A candidate for public office in any contemporary democracy may have to consider what, if anything, to do about "global warming." &lt;b&gt;Candidates should understand that the oft-repeated claim that nearly all scientists demand that something dramatic be done to stop global warming is not true.&lt;/b&gt; In fact, a large and growing number of distinguished scientists and engineers do not agree that drastic actions on global warming are needed.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;In September, Nobel Prize-winning physicist Ivar Giaever, a supporter of President Obama in the last election, publicly resigned from the American Physical Society (APS) with a letter that begins: "I did not renew [my membership] because I cannot live with the [APS policy] statement: 'The evidence is incontrovertible: Global warming is occurring. If no mitigating actions are taken, significant disruptions in the Earth's physical and ecological systems, social systems, security and human health are likely to occur. We must reduce emissions of greenhouse gases beginning now.' In the APS it is OK to discuss whether the mass of the proton changes over time and how a multi-universe behaves, but the evidence of global warming is incontrovertible?"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iHP3zx-sCzs/TyPGlJV3rtI/AAAAAAAAD_g/7h62zuuGO9g/s1600/Earth+and+Moon+-+Lindze_G_20120126.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="266" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iHP3zx-sCzs/TyPGlJV3rtI/AAAAAAAAD_g/7h62zuuGO9g/s400/Earth+and+Moon+-+Lindze_G_20120126.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;In spite of a multidecade international campaign to enforce the message that increasing amounts of the "pollutant" carbon dioxide will destroy civilization, large numbers of scientists, many very prominent, share the opinions of Dr. Giaever. And the number of scientific "heretics" is growing with each passing year. The reason is a collection of stubborn scientific facts.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Perhaps the most inconvenient fact is the lack of global warming for well over 10 years now. This is known to the warming establishment, as one can see from the 2009 "Climategate" email of climate scientist Kevin Trenberth: &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;"The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; But the warming is only missing if one believes computer models where so-called feedbacks involving water vapor and clouds greatly amplify the small effect of CO2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The lack of warming for more than a decade—indeed, the smaller-than-predicted warming over the 22 years since the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) began issuing projections—suggests that &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;computer models have greatly exaggerated how much warming additional CO2 can cause.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Faced with this embarrassment, those promoting alarm have shifted their drumbeat from warming to weather extremes, to enable anything unusual that happens in our chaotic climate to be ascribed to CO2.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;The fact is that CO2 is not a pollutant. CO2 is a colorless and odorless gas, exhaled at high concentrations by each of us, and a key component of the biosphere's life cycle.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Plants do so much better with more CO2 that greenhouse operators often increase the CO2 concentrations by factors of three or four to get better growth. This is no surprise since plants and animals evolved when CO2 concentrations were about 10 times larger than they are today. Better plant varieties, chemical fertilizers and agricultural management contributed to the great increase in agricultural yields of the past century, but part of the increase almost certainly came from additional CO2 in the atmosphere.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Although the number of publicly dissenting scientists is growing, many young scientists furtively say that while they also have serious doubts about the global-warming message, they are afraid to speak up for fear of not being promoted—or worse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;They have good reason to worry. In 2003, Dr. Chris de Freitas, the editor of the journal Climate Research, dared to publish a peer-reviewed article with the politically incorrect (but factually correct) conclusion that the recent warming is not unusual in the context of climate changes over the past thousand years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;The international warming establishment quickly mounted a determined campaign to have Dr. de Freitas removed from his editorial job and fired from his university position. Fortunately, Dr. de Freitas was able to keep his university job.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This is not the way science is supposed to work, but we have seen it before—for example, in the frightening period when Trofim Lysenko hijacked biology in the Soviet Union. Soviet biologists who revealed that they believed in genes, which Lysenko maintained were a bourgeois fiction, were fired from their jobs. Many were sent to the gulag and some were condemned to death.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Read more here/Leia mais aqui: &lt;a href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204301404577171531838421366.html?mod=WSJ_Opinion_LEADTop"&gt;The Wall Street Journal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;NOTA DESTE BLOGGER:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Grande Mídia tupiniquim vive uma relação incestuosa com a Nomenklatura científica, e nada publica questionando os atuais mandarins da Akademia. Eu sinto nojo e dá vontade de vomitar em cima de muitos editores de ciência:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Por não ouvir o outro lado (não é mesmo Folha de São Paulo?).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Pela falta objetividade jornalística em se sujeitar aos press releases das publicações de divulgação científica sem análise crítica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Pela falta de jornalismo científico investigativo que não aceita de bate pronto o que o cientista diz, mas vai atrás de vozes dissonantes (sim, a ciência avança por causa de dissidentes e críticos dos paradigmas).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Pela desonestidade flagrante em escamotear dos leitores a existência e peso acadêmicos desses dissidentes da hipótese apocalíptica (não seria política? ou de interesses financeiros escusos de alguns proponentes como Al Gore et al???) do aquecimento global.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Por ser uma imprensa covarde!!!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-1480317797830545458?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1480317797830545458'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1480317797830545458'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/cientistas-dissidentes-falaram-e.html' title='Cientistas dissidentes &apos;falaram e disseram&apos;: Não há necessidade de entrar em pânico por causa do aquecimento global'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iHP3zx-sCzs/TyPGlJV3rtI/AAAAAAAAD_g/7h62zuuGO9g/s72-c/Earth+and+Moon+-+Lindze_G_20120126.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-8491462576447949860</id><published>2012-01-27T21:41:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-27T21:41:26.520-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Origem da vida? Nossos problemas epistêmicos acabaram</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Life 2012, 2(1), 1-105; doi:&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life2010001"&gt;10.3390/life2010001&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Article&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Erik D. Andrulis &lt;a href="mailto:exa32@case.edu"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://static.mdpi.com/img/icon/mail-medium.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Wood Building, W212, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Received: 15 November 2011; in revised form: 10 December 2011 / Accepted: 13 December 2011 / Published: 23 December 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;(This article belongs to the Special Issue &lt;a href="http://www.mdpi.com/journal/life/special_issues/origin_life_feature/"&gt;Origin of Life - Feature Papers&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Life is an inordinately complex unsolved puzzle. Despite significant theoretical progress, experimental anomalies, paradoxes, and enigmas have revealed paradigmatic limitations. Thus, the advancement of scientific understanding requires new models that resolve fundamental problems. Here, I present a theoretical framework that economically fits evidence accumulated from examinations of life. This theory is based upon a straightforward and non-mathematical core model and proposes unique yet empirically consistent explanations for major phenomena including, but not limited to, quantum gravity, phase transitions of water, why living systems are predominantly CHNOPS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur), homochirality of sugars and amino acids, homeoviscous adaptation, triplet code, and DNA mutations. The theoretical framework unifies the macrocosmic and microcosmic realms, validates predicted laws of nature, and solves the puzzle of the origin and evolution of cellular life in the universe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Keywords: quantum; gyre; emergence; thermodynamics; singularity; natural law; adaptation; learning and memory&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/2/1/1/pdf"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-8491462576447949860?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/8491462576447949860'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/8491462576447949860'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/origem-da-vida-nossos-problemas.html' title='Origem da vida? Nossos problemas epistêmicos acabaram'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-5192617016426554053</id><published>2012-01-27T17:56:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-27T17:56:28.928-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Encontrado o mais antigo ninho de dinossauros</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Ancient Dinosaur Nursery: Oldest Nesting Site Yet Found&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;ScienceDaily (Jan. 23, 2012) — An excavation at a site in South Africa has unearthed the 190-million-year-old dinosaur nesting site of the prosauropod dinosaur Massospondylus-revealing significant clues about the evolution of complex reproductive behaviour in early dinosaurs. The newly unearthed dinosaur nesting ground predates previously known nesting sites by 100 million years, according to study authors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-G8Z5Ubfv70M/TyL_5--8NdI/AAAAAAAAD_Y/ekMXMxn6Kqo/s1600/Early+Jurassic+(190+MYO)+dinosaur+Massospondylus+in+the+South+African+nesting+site.+Robert+Reisz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="266" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-G8Z5Ubfv70M/TyL_5--8NdI/AAAAAAAAD_Y/ekMXMxn6Kqo/s400/Early+Jurassic+(190+MYO)+dinosaur+Massospondylus+in+the+South+African+nesting+site.+Robert+Reisz.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;UTM professor Robert Reisz and his team unearthed this skull of adult and complete embryo of the Early Jurassic (190-million-year-old) dinosaur Massospondylus in the South African nesting site. (Credit: Photo courtesy of Robert Reisz)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A new study led by University of Toronto Mississauga paleontologist Robert Reisz, with co-author, Professor David Evans of ecology and evolutionary biology and the Royal Ontario Museum, along with a group of international researchers, describes clutches of eggs, many with embryos, as well as tiny dinosaur footprints, providing the oldest known evidence that the hatchlings remained at the nesting site long enough to at least double in size.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;At least 10 nests have been discovered at several levels at this site, each with up to 34 round eggs in tightly clustered clutches. The distribution of the nests in the sediments indicate that these early dinosaurs returned repeatedly to this site, a behaviour known as nesting fidelity, and likely assembled in groups to lay their eggs, (colonial nesting), the oldest known evidence of such behaviour in the fossil record. The large size of the mother, at six metres in length, the small size of the eggs, about six to seven centimetres in diameter, and the highly organized nature of the nest suggest that the mother may have arranged them carefully after she laid them.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;"The eggs, embryos, and nests come from the rocks of a nearly vertical road cut only 25 metres long," said Reisz, a professor of biology at U of T Mississauga. "Even so, we found ten nests, suggesting that there are a lot more in the cliff, still covered by tons of rock. We predict that many more nests will be eroded out in time as natural weathering processes continue."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The fossils were found in sedimentary rocks from the Early Jurassic Period in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park in South Africa. This site has previously yielded the oldest known embryos belonging to Massospondylus, a relative of the giant, long-necked sauropods of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Read more here/Leia mais aqui: &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120123152505.htm"&gt;Science Daily&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Oldest known dinosaurian nesting site and reproductive biology of the Early Jurassic sauropodomorph Massospondylus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Robert R. Reisz&amp;nbsp;a,1,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;David C. Evans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Eric M. Roberts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Hans-Dieter Sues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Adam M. Yates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;aDepartment of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;bRoyal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;cSchool of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 QLD, Australia;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;dDepartment of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013; and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;eBernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Edited by Steven M. Stanley, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, and approved December 16, 2011 (received for review June 10, 2011)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The extensive Early Jurassic continental strata of southern Africa have yielded an exceptional record of dinosaurs that includes scores of partial to complete skeletons of the sauropodomorphMassospondylus, ranging from embryos to large adults. In 1976 an incomplete egg clutch including in ovo embryos of this dinosaur, the oldest known example in the fossil record, was collected from a road-cut talus, but its exact provenance was uncertain. An excavation program at the site started in 2006 has yielded multiple in situ egg clutches, documenting the oldest known dinosaurian nesting site, predating other similar sites by more than 100 million years. The presence of numerous clutches of eggs, some of which contain embryonic remains, in at least four distinct horizons within a small area, provides the earliest known evidence of complex reproductive behavior including site fidelity and colonial nesting in a terrestrial vertebrate. Thus, fossil and sedimentological evidence from this nesting site provides empirical data on reproductive strategies in early dinosaurs. A temporally calibrated optimization of dinosaurian reproductive biology not only demonstrates the primary significance of the Massospondylus nesting site, but also provides additional insights into the initial stages of the evolutionary history of dinosaurs, including evidence that deposition of eggs in a tightly organized single layer in a nest evolved independently from brooding.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Footnotes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:robert.reisz@utoronto.ca" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;robert.reisz@utoronto.ca&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author contributions: R.R.R. designed research; R.R.R., D.C.E., and E.M.R. performed research; R.R.R., D.C.E., E.M.R., H.-D.S., and A.M.Y. analyzed data; and R.R.R., D.C.E., E.M.R., H.-D.S., and A.M.Y. wrote the paper.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The authors declare no conflict of interest.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This article contains supporting information online at&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1109385109/-/DCSupplemental" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1109385109/-/DCSupplemental&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Professores, pesquisadores e alunos de universiades públicas e privadas com acesso ao site &lt;a href="http://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/"&gt;CAPES/Periódicos&lt;/a&gt; podem ler gratuitamente este artigo do PNAS e de mais 22.440 publicações científicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-5192617016426554053?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5192617016426554053'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5192617016426554053'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/encontrado-o-mais-antigo-ninho-de.html' title='Encontrado o mais antigo ninho de dinossauros'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-G8Z5Ubfv70M/TyL_5--8NdI/AAAAAAAAD_Y/ekMXMxn6Kqo/s72-c/Early+Jurassic+(190+MYO)+dinosaur+Massospondylus+in+the+South+African+nesting+site.+Robert+Reisz.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-6910382383628028196</id><published>2012-01-27T17:38:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-27T17:38:03.820-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Imagem 3-D de uma proteína mostrando sua estrutura</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Under the Electron Microscope: 3-D Image of an Individual Protein Showing Structure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;ScienceDaily (Jan. 25, 2012) — When Gang Ren whirls the controls of his cryo-electron microscope, he compares it to fine-tuning the gearshift and brakes of a racing bicycle. But this machine at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) is a bit more complex. It costs nearly $1.5 million, operates at the frigid temperature of liquid nitrogen, and it is allowing scientists to see what no one has seen before.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gXqxHR1dbj0/TyL5qTNatAI/AAAAAAAAD_Q/Cwv8Aw0CvnU/s1600/3-D+images+from+a+single+particle+(A)+a+series+of+images+of+an+ApoA-1+protein+particle+-+DOE+Lawrence+Berkeley+National+Laboratory.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="176" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gXqxHR1dbj0/TyL5qTNatAI/AAAAAAAAD_Q/Cwv8Aw0CvnU/s400/3-D+images+from+a+single+particle+(A)+a+series+of+images+of+an+ApoA-1+protein+particle+-+DOE+Lawrence+Berkeley+National+Laboratory.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;3-D images from a single particle (A) a series of images of an ApoA-1 protein particle, taken from different angles as indicated. A succession of four computer enhancements (projections) clarifies the signal. In the right column is the 3-D image compiled from the clarified data. B) is a close-up of the reconstructed 3-D image. C) Analysis shows how the particle structure is formed by three ApoA-1 proteins (red, green, blue noodle-like models) (Credit: Image courtesy of DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;At the Molecular Foundry, Berkeley Lab's acclaimed nanotechnology research center, Ren has pushed his Zeiss Libra 120 Cryo-Tem microscope to resolutions never envisioned by its German manufacturers, producing detailed snapshots of individual molecules. Today, he and his colleague Lei Zhang are reporting the first 3-D images of an individual protein ever obtained with enough clarity to determine its structure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Scientists routinely create models of proteins using X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and conventional cryo-electron microscope (cryoEM) imaging. But these models require computer "averaging" of data from analysis of thousands, or even millions of like molecules, because it is so difficult to resolve the features of a single particle. Ren and Zhang have done just that, generating detailed models using electron microscopic images of a single protein.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;He calls his technique "individual-particle electron tomography," or IPET. The work is described in the January 24 issue of PLoS ONE, the open-source scientific journal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The 3-D images reported in the paper include those of a single IgG antibody and apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1), a protein involved in human metabolism. Ren's goal is to produce individual 3-D images of medically significant proteins, such as HDL -- the heart-protective "good cholesterol" whose structure has eluded the efforts of legions of scientists armed with far more powerful protein modeling tools. "We are well on our way," says Ren.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Ren has the credentials of one who knows what he can do. He was recruited to work at Berkeley Lab in August 2010 from the University of California at San Francisco, where he had used a cryo-electron microscope and more conventional averaging techniques to discern the 3-D structure of LDL -- the "bad cholesterol" thought to be a major risk factor for heart disease.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;His images of single proteins are a bit fuzzy, even after they are cleaned up by complex computer filtering, but very informative to the trained observer. These individual particles are extraordinarily tiny, requiring Ren to zero in on a spot of less than 20 nanometers. He has reported protein images as small as 70 kDa. That's kilodaltons, a Lilliputian scale (expressed in units of mass) set aside for taking the measure of atoms, molecules, and snippets of DNA. It's a more useful way to size soft objects like proteins that can be clumped, stringy, or floppy.&lt;br /&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Read more here/Leia mais aqui: &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120125091343.htm"&gt;Science Daily&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;IPET and FETR: Experimental Approach for Studying Molecular Structure Dynamics by Cryo-Electron Tomography of a Single-Molecule Structure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Lei Zhang, Gang Ren&lt;/span&gt;*&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The dynamic personalities and structural heterogeneity of proteins are essential for proper functioning. Structural determination of dynamic/heterogeneous proteins is limited by conventional approaches of X-ray and electron microscopy (EM) of single-particle reconstruction that require an average from thousands to millions different molecules. Cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) is an approach to determine three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of a single and unique biological object such as bacteria and cells, by imaging the object from a series of tilting angles. However, cconventional reconstruction methods use large-size whole-micrographs that are limited by reconstruction resolution (lower than 20 Å), especially for small and low-symmetric molecule (&amp;lt;400 kDa). In this study, we demonstrated the adverse effects from image distortion and the measuring tilt-errors (including tilt-axis and tilt-angle errors) both play a major role in limiting the reconstruction resolution. Therefore, we developed a “focused electron tomography reconstruction” (FETR) algorithm to improve the resolution by decreasing the reconstructing image size so that it contains only a single-instance protein. FETR can tolerate certain levels of image-distortion and measuring tilt-errors, and can also precisely determine the translational parameters via an iterative refinement process that contains a series of automatically generated dynamic filters and masks. To describe this method, a set of simulated cryoET images was employed; to validate this approach, the real experimental images from negative-staining and cryoET were used. Since this approach can obtain the structure of a single-instance molecule/particle, we named it individual-particle electron tomography (IPET) as a new robust strategy/approach that does not require a pre-given initial model, class averaging of multiple molecules or an extended ordered lattice, but can tolerate small tilt-errors for high-resolution single “snapshot” molecule structure determination. Thus, FETR/IPET provides a completely new opportunity for a single-molecule structure determination, and could be used to study the dynamic character and equilibrium fluctuation of macromolecules.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Citation: Zhang L, Ren G (2012) IPET and FETR: Experimental Approach for Studying Molecular Structure Dynamics by Cryo-Electron Tomography of a Single-Molecule Structure. PLoS ONE 7(1): e30249. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030249&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Editor: Wenqing Xu, University of Washington, United States of America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Received: July 6, 2011; Accepted: December 14, 2011; Published: January 24, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Funding: This work was supported by the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the United States Department of Energy (contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231) and partially supported by the William Myron Keck Foundation (#011808). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;* E-mail: &lt;a href="mailto:gren@lbl.gov"&gt;gren@lbl.gov&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=12EA4CE92BDB3EEB9506EE0665107414?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030249&amp;amp;representation=PDF"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-6910382383628028196?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/6910382383628028196'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/6910382383628028196'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/imagem-3-d-de-uma-proteina-mostrando.html' title='Imagem 3-D de uma proteína mostrando sua estrutura'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gXqxHR1dbj0/TyL5qTNatAI/AAAAAAAAD_Q/Cwv8Aw0CvnU/s72-c/3-D+images+from+a+single+particle+(A)+a+series+of+images+of+an+ApoA-1+protein+particle+-+DOE+Lawrence+Berkeley+National+Laboratory.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-5036535581492963004</id><published>2012-01-27T14:22:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-27T14:22:46.804-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Historiografia e Retórica: Intencionalidade do Discurso e Análise Histórica</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Historiografia e Retórica: Intencionalidade do Discurso e Análise Histórica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;27/01/2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Agência FAPESP – Pesquisadores das áreas de História, Filosofia, Letras e demais interessados na reflexão das especificidades e limites do discurso histórico poderão participar nos dias 2 e 3 de fevereiro do Congresso Internacional Historiografia e Retórica: Intencionalidade do Discurso e Análise Histórica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O evento será promovido pelo campus de Franca da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), em parceria com a Universidade de São Paulo (USP).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Durante o congresso, a historiadora Therese Fuhrer, da Universidade Livre de Berlim, fará uma apresentação sobre Santo Agostinho, sua especialidade, e outra sobre as marcas de intertextualidade e suas implicações para a compreensão de textos antigos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A professora da USP Elaine Sartorelli falará sobre a construção retórica do discurso histórico e suas formas de apropriação por pensadores tardios.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A organização é de José Petrúcio de Faria Júnior, doutorando na Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais da Unesp de Franca.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Mais informações e inscrições pelo e-mail&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="mailto: petruciojr@terra.com.br" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;petruciojr@terra.com.br.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-5036535581492963004?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5036535581492963004'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5036535581492963004'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/historiografia-e-retorica.html' title='Historiografia e Retórica: Intencionalidade do Discurso e Análise Histórica'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-7467723448729398202</id><published>2012-01-27T14:21:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-27T14:21:02.701-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Controles parentais sobre o desenvolvimento embrionário?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Parental Controls On Embryonic Development?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;ScienceDaily (Dec. 1, 2011) — &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;When a sperm fertilizes an egg, each contributes a set of chromosomes to the resulting embryo, which at these very early stages is called a zygote. Early on, zygotic genes are inert, so embryonic development is largely controlled by parental factors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;The activation of the zygotic genome therefore represents an important transition toward a more autonomous mode of embryonic development, and has been the subject of much speculation and scrutiny.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Now, a new study published by Cell Press on December 1st in the journalDevelopmental Cell suggests that the reach of parental control in the embryo may be longer than we thought.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;It is known that in sperm, certain DNA-binding proteins called histones are modified in special ways, at specific genes that are switched on in the embryo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Could these marks actually be passed on from sperm to embryo, to determine how genes are controlled in the offspring?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Or are they erased for the zygote to start anew?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; In a collaborative effort between multiple institutions lead by Prof. Philippe Collas from the University of Oslo and the Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, scientists examined the marks on histones in fish zygotes before and after zygotic genome activation and found evidence that many of the same histone marks seen in sperm are also present in the zygote before genome activation… and these same marks appear to predict which genes will be activated later during development.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Read more here/Leia mais aqui: Science Daily&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Journal Reference:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Leif C. Lindeman, Ingrid S. Andersen, Andrew H. Reiner, Nan Li, Håvard Aanes, Olga Østrup, Cecilia Winata, Sinnakaruppan Mathavan, Ferenc Müller, Peter Aleström, Philippe Collas. Prepatterning of Developmental Gene Expression by Modified Histones before Zygotic Genome Activation. Developmental Cell, 2011; 21 (6): 993 DOI: &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2011.10.008"&gt;10.1016/j.devcel.2011.10.008&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-7467723448729398202?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/7467723448729398202'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/7467723448729398202'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/controles-parentais-sobre-o.html' title='Controles parentais sobre o desenvolvimento embrionário?'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-1714761061101338677</id><published>2012-01-27T12:46:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-27T12:49:29.500-02:00</updated><title type='text'>USP inicia operação de cluster para pesquisas em astronomia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://agencia.fapesp.br/15091"&gt;USP inicia operação de cluster para pesquisas em astronomia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;27/01/2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Por Elton Alisson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Agência FAPESP – Nos próximos dias deverá entrar em operação no Departamento de Astronomia do Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) um dos maiores e mais potentes clusters – aglomerado de computadores –, voltado exclusivamente para pesquisas astronômicas no mundo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Avaliado em mais de US$ 1 milhão, o equipamento foi adquirido com apoio da FAPESP por meio do &lt;a href="http://www.fapesp.br/emu/equipament.php?id=155"&gt;Programa Equipamentos Multiusuários&lt;/a&gt;, em projeto do IAG-USP e do Núcleo de Astrofísica Teórica (NAT) da Unicsul.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uof5GknRbxo/TyK5Uy8M3rI/AAAAAAAAD_I/R6hy5VUhNNI/s1600/foto_boletim15091_1+Cluster+de+computadores+USP+Astronomia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="220" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uof5GknRbxo/TyK5Uy8M3rI/AAAAAAAAD_I/R6hy5VUhNNI/s320/foto_boletim15091_1+Cluster+de+computadores+USP+Astronomia.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Aglomerado de computadores é um dos maiores e mais potentes do mundo voltado exclusivamente para pesquisas astronômicas (Foto: IAG-USP)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Composto por três torres, do tamanho de geladeiras domésticas que juntas pesam três toneladas, o conjunto de computadores possui 2,3 mil núcleos de processamento. O sistema possibilitará um aumento de 60 vezes na escala de processamento do Departamento de Astronomia da USP. O cluster utilizado anteriormente pela instituição possuía 40 núcleos de processamento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“Não conhecemos nenhum departamento de astronomia no mundo com essa capacidade computacional. Existem universidades e consórcios entre instituições de pesquisa com clustersmuito maiores, mas o tempo de processamento é dividido entre várias áreas e não são dedicados totalmente à astronomia”, disse Alex Carciofi, professor da USP e responsável pela implementação do projeto à Agência FAPESP.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;De acordo com ele, o aglomerado de computadores possibilitará aumentar o grau de realismo físico e rodar mais modelos matemáticos (simulações numéricas) utilizados para estudar os sistemas astronômicos, como estrelas, galáxias e meio interestelares.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Considerados simulações da natureza, quanto mais processos físicos são incorporados aos modelos numéricos para torná-los mais realistas, mais “pesados” computacionalmente eles se tornam e demandam mais tempo para serem processados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“Com um equipamento desse porte é possível aumentar a escala do problema que pretendemos estudar, mantendo um tempo de processamento razoável, de modo que nós consigamos processar um maior número de modelos em tempo hábil para realizar nossas pesquisas”, explicou Carciofi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O equipamento também permitirá ao pesquisadores do Departamento de Astronomia da USP ingressar em nossas fronteiras do conhecimento na área, como a astrofísica computacional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A exemplo do que está ocorrendo em outros campos da ciência, a nova área é resultado da fusão de disciplinas que anteriormente eram distintas e seguiam separadas, como a astrofísica e a ciência da computação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O que se deve, entre outros fatores, ao fato de que instrumentos astronômicos modernos – como telescópios robóticos que operam automaticamente – estão gerando um grande volume de dados que precisam ser analisados. “É preciso desenvolver novas técnicas para obter resultados a partir desse grande volume de dados”, disse Carciofi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Em um primeiro momento, o cluster atenderá 150 usuários, entre estudantes de pós-graduação, docentes e pós-doutorandos do IAG. Mas também estará disponível para ser utilizado por pesquisadores de outras instituições científicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Por meio do equipamento também será possível atrair cientistas de outros estados e países, que necessitam de uma grande capacidade de processamento computacional para realizar suas pesquisas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“Os pesquisadores de fora podem escolher vir para o IAG para realizar um pós-doutorado, por exemplo, justamente porque a instituição dispõe de um cluster como esse”, disse Carciofi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O pesquisador estima que até o fim de janeiro começarão a realizar os primeiros cálculos numéricos massivos (chamados number crunching) no novo equipamento, a fim de alcançar modelos reais de fenômenos nas áreas de astrofísica, cosmologia e astronomia galáctica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O supercomputador foi desenvolvido pela empresa GSI e é baseado em uma plataforma Blade Altix ICE 8400 com um processador AMD Opteron 6172, com 4,6 terabytes de memória.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-1714761061101338677?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1714761061101338677'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1714761061101338677'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/usp-inicia-operacao-de-cluster-para.html' title='USP inicia operação de cluster para pesquisas em astronomia'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uof5GknRbxo/TyK5Uy8M3rI/AAAAAAAAD_I/R6hy5VUhNNI/s72-c/foto_boletim15091_1+Cluster+de+computadores+USP+Astronomia.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-1520838056576479202</id><published>2012-01-27T11:37:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-27T11:37:31.285-02:00</updated><title type='text'>O direito de Israel existir como nação: antissemitismo nunca mais!</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="349" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/YRLWnODEmo8?rel=0" width="425"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Para, por e com Israel, sempre! Apesar de [preencher as lacunas]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-1520838056576479202?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1520838056576479202'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1520838056576479202'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/o-direito-de-israel-existir-como-nacao.html' title='O direito de Israel existir como nação: antissemitismo nunca mais!'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/YRLWnODEmo8/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-4995800479616341823</id><published>2012-01-27T09:40:00.004-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-27T09:40:47.053-02:00</updated><title type='text'>A lógica por trás da estatística - Livro de Gilson Volpato e Rodrigo Barreto</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://agencia.fapesp.br/15092"&gt;A lógica por trás da estatística&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;27/01/2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Por Karina Toledo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Agência FAPESP – Oferecer, de forma simples e clara, conhecimentos básicos sobre estatística, sem os quais não é possível desenvolver ou interpretar pesquisas quantitativas. Essa é a proposta do livro Estatística sem dor!, lançado recentemente pela editora Best Writing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A obra é de autoria de Gilson Volpato e Rodrigo Barreto, ambos biólogos e professores do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), em Botucatu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UUpyJopK9-E/TyKMoNZQvTI/AAAAAAAAD_A/FC2OXMVYuOI/s1600/foto_dentro15092_1+Estat%C3%ADstica.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UUpyJopK9-E/TyKMoNZQvTI/AAAAAAAAD_A/FC2OXMVYuOI/s1600/foto_dentro15092_1+Estat%C3%ADstica.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Novo livro de Gilson Volpato e Rodrigo Barreto promete ensinar "sem dor" conceitos fundamentais para a realização de pesquisas quantitativas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“Cerca de 90% da estatística usada em artigos científicos é muito simples e foi isso que nós colocamos no livro. Não há contas”, disse Volpato à Agência FAPESP.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Os autores abordam temas como o uso de softwares em estatística e explicam conceitos básicos como variáveis, réplicas, delineamentos, população e amostra. Descrevem diferentes situações de pesquisa, apontam qual teste é mais adequado em cada caso e como interpretar seus resultados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“Quando o pesquisador faz um trabalho e não sabe analisar os dados, acaba tendo de recorrer a um estatístico, que muitas vezes entra como coautor da pesquisa”, afirmou Volpato.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Mesmo nesses casos, completou, é preciso entender o mínimo sobre o tema para poder levar ao estatístico um problema bem montado. “A obra pode ajudar até no planejamento do experimento, pois oferece uma noção lógica sobre a estrutura da pesquisa científica”, disse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Mesmo quem trabalha apenas com pesquisas qualitativas pode se beneficiar com o conteúdo, segundo Volpato. “Ele vai precisar ler artigos de outros pesquisadores, muitos com abordagem quantitativa. É preciso entender a estatística usada nos trabalhos para julgar se as conclusões são válidas”, disse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O autor ressalta ainda que o livro é voltado para pesquisadores de todas as áreas do conhecimento e traz conteúdos que muitas vezes não são encontrados nos livros mais tradicionais de estatística. “Ensina o básico do básico, que todo mundo deveria saber sobre estatística, mas muita gente não sabe”, afirmou.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Especialista em redação e publicação científica, Volpato também é autor dos livros Método lógico para a redação científica, Bases teóricas da redação científica, Por que seu artigo foi negado,Pérolas da redação científica, Dicas para redação científica e Lógica da redação científica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O professor também divulga seu trabalho no site &lt;a href="http://%20www.gilsonvolpato.com.br/"&gt;www.gilsonvolpato.com.br&lt;/a&gt;, que oferece artigos, dicas e reflexões sobre redação científica, educação e ética na ciência.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O site também dá acesso a aulas on-line do curso “Bases Teóricas para Redação Científica”, apresentado por Volpato na Unesp.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Estatística sem dor!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Autores: Gilson Volpato e Rodrigo Barreto&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Lançamento: dezembro de 2011&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Preço: R$ 30&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Páginas: 64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Mais informações: &lt;a href="http://www.bestwriting.com.br/"&gt;www.bestwriting.com.br&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-4995800479616341823?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/4995800479616341823'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/4995800479616341823'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/logica-por-tras-da-estatistica-livro-de.html' title='A lógica por trás da estatística - Livro de Gilson Volpato e Rodrigo Barreto'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UUpyJopK9-E/TyKMoNZQvTI/AAAAAAAAD_A/FC2OXMVYuOI/s72-c/foto_dentro15092_1+Estat%C3%ADstica.gif' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-8950092169208881263</id><published>2012-01-27T09:08:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-27T09:08:06.231-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Os peptídeos terapêuticos antimicrobianos podem comprometer a imunização natural</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Therapeutic antimicrobial peptides may compromise natural immunity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Michelle G. J. L. Habets and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Michael A. Brockhurst&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;*Author for correspondence (&lt;a href="mailto:brock@liv.ac.uk"&gt;brock@liv.ac.uk&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been proposed as a promising new class of antimicrobials despite warnings that therapeutic use could drive the evolution of pathogens resistant to our own immunity peptides. Using experimental evolution, we demonstrate that Staphylococcus aureus rapidly evolved resistance to pexiganan, a drug-candidate for diabetic leg ulcer infections. Evolved resistance was costly in terms of impaired growth rate, but costs-of-resistance were completely ameliorated by compensatory adaptation. Crucially, we show that, in some populations, experimentally evolved resistance to pexiganan provided S. aureus with cross-resistance to human-neutrophil-defensin-1, a key component of the innate immune response to infection. This unintended consequence of therapeutic use could drastically undermine our innate immune system's ability to control and clear microbial infections. Our results therefore highlight grave potential risks of AMP therapies, with implications for their development.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;antibiotic resistance,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;antimicrobial peptide,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;compensatory adaptation,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;cost-of-resistance,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;experimental evolution,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;innate immunity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Received December 8, 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Accepted January 5, 2012.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This journal is © 2012 The Royal Society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/01/20/rsbl.2011.1203.full.pdf+html"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-8950092169208881263?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/8950092169208881263'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/8950092169208881263'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/os-peptideos-terapeuticos.html' title='Os peptídeos terapêuticos antimicrobianos podem comprometer a imunização natural'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-5041740227577013561</id><published>2012-01-27T08:59:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-27T08:59:41.042-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Disputa pelas mudanças nas constantes físicas chega a um impasse</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Fight over changing constants reaches stalemate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;10:46 26 January 2012 by Stuart Clark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;It's time to declare a ceasefire in the fight to find out whether the constants of nature vary. What was supposed to be a new superweapon in the battle has turned into something of a damp squib.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Some observations of how hydrogen gas in space absorbs light at ultraviolet wavelengths have hinted that the fine structure constant, responsible for the strength of electromagnetism, is &lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827830.900-constant-change-are-there-no-universal-laws.html"&gt;not the same throughout the universe&lt;/a&gt;. That would point to exotic new physics, including the existence of extra dimensions and universes other than our own.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bBkA0xGDpQw/TyKC0_TwcLI/AAAAAAAAD-4/y9Qb170N2WA/s1600/Cosmos+-+ESA+Hubble+NASA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="305" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bBkA0xGDpQw/TyKC0_TwcLI/AAAAAAAAD-4/y9Qb170N2WA/s400/Cosmos+-+ESA+Hubble+NASA.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Constantly changing? (Image: ESA/Hubble and NASA)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;But the measurement is tricky, and researchers had hoped that studying how hydroxyl molecules emit and absorb light at radio wavelengths would give a more precise, independent measurement of the effect.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;In theory, radio instruments can measure wavelengths 50 to 100 times more accurately than those that detect hydrogen absorption, says &lt;a href="http://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/10882/"&gt;Nissim Kanekar&lt;/a&gt; at the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics in Pune, India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;But he and colleagues discovered the reality is more complicated. They observed the emission and absorption of radio waves from hydroxyl molecules in a gas cloud 6.7 billion light years from Earth that was absorbing light from a more distant galaxy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Read more here/Leia mais aqui: &lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21394-fight-over-changing-constants-reaches-stalemate.html"&gt;New Scientist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Journal reference/Referência da publicação científica:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.3372v1"&gt;arxiv.org/abs/1201.3372v1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-5041740227577013561?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5041740227577013561'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5041740227577013561'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/disputa-pelas-mudancas-nas-constantes.html' title='Disputa pelas mudanças nas constantes físicas chega a um impasse'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bBkA0xGDpQw/TyKC0_TwcLI/AAAAAAAAD-4/y9Qb170N2WA/s72-c/Cosmos+-+ESA+Hubble+NASA.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-5725490738599538480</id><published>2012-01-26T12:19:00.004-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-26T12:19:58.660-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Livro aborda múltiplos aspectos da relação entre saúde e atividade física</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://agencia.fapesp.br/15085"&gt;Livro aborda múltiplos aspectos da relação entre saúde e atividade física&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;26/01/2012&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Por Fábio de Castro&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Agência FAPESP – A prática de atividade física é considerada uma das mais importantes estratégias atuais para a promoção da saúde da população. No entanto, no Brasil, só nos últimos dez anos o assunto começou a ser explorado do ponto de vista científico.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;O livro Epidemiologia da atividade física, lançado recentemente, reúne ensaios de especialistas que abordam o estudo da prática de atividade física, incluindo aspectos históricos, critérios de mensuração e recomendações de prática de atividades físicas, as melhores práticas atuais de intervenção para promoção dessas atividades no Brasil e no mundo e sua importância na prevenção de doenças crônicas, entre outros temas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uct36P6twYc/TyFgvGzCG5I/AAAAAAAAD-w/bx7-KsUNZEY/s1600/foto_dentro15085_2+Epidemiologia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="400" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uct36P6twYc/TyFgvGzCG5I/AAAAAAAAD-w/bx7-KsUNZEY/s400/foto_dentro15085_2+Epidemiologia.jpg" width="278" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Epidemiologia da atividade física apresenta avanços científicos sobre o fenômeno populacional da atividade física&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Organizado por Alex Antonio Florindo, professor da Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades (EACH) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), e Pedro Curi Hallal, professor da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), o livro foi lançado durante o Congresso Brasileiro de Atividade Física e Saúde, realizado na cidade de Gramado (RS) em novembro de 2011.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Florindo, que atua no curso de Ciências da Atividade Física da EACH-USP e na pós-graduação da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP, coordena atualmente o projeto &lt;a href="http://www.bv.fapesp.br/pt/projetos-regulares/24313/estudo-intervencoes-promocao-atividades-fisicas/"&gt;“Estudo de intervenções para a promoção das atividades físicas no Sistema Único de Saúde pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família”&lt;/a&gt;, apoiado pela FAPESP na modalidade Auxílio à Pesquisa – Regular. Hallal atua na Escola de Educação Física da UFPel e na pós-graduação do Centro de Epidemiologia da mesma instituição.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Segundo Florindo, o livro tem o objetivo geral de descrever o fenômeno populacional da prática de atividade fisica. “Nós propusemos a temática porque, no Brasil, não temos um livro que reúna os conhecimentos adquiridos nessa área com essa profundidade. Convidamos colaboradores de diferentes partes do país para estudar de forma detalhada esse fenômeno da prática de atividade física na população”, disse Florindo à Agência FAPESP.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Florindo explicou que, depois de seu mestrado e doutorado – ambos concluídos na FSP-USP com bolsas da FAPESP –, coordenou o projeto &lt;a href="http://www.bv.fapesp.br/pt/projetos-regulares/22746/atividade-fisica-sua-relacao-variaveis/"&gt;“Atividade física e sua relação com variáveis individuais e ambientais na população idosa do distrito de Ermelino Matarazzo da Zona Leste do município de São Paulo”&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Vários dos estudantes de iniciação científica e pós-graduação que participaram do projeto, com bolsas da FAPESP, tornaram-se pesquisadores da área e contribuíram com ensaios no livro.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;“Aquele projeto tinha o objetivo de verificar quais eram os fatores ambientais associados à atividade física na população adulta no bairro de Ermelino Matarazzo, onde se localiza a EACH-USP. Trabalhamos com várias temáticas, como validação de métodos para avaliar atividade física na população e os impactos dessas atividades na prevenção de doenças crônicas. Mais recentemente, a FAPESP apoiou outro projeto que nos permitiu estudar a promoção da atividade física. O livro segue essas linhas de pesquisa”, explicou.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Perspectiva brasileira&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Segundo Florindo, a área de atividade física e saúde cresce no Brasil e no exterior, à medida que se confirma sua contribuição para a prevenção de diversas doenças e melhora da qualidade de vida, em um contexto mundial de epidemia de obesidade e doenças cardiovasculares e metabólicas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;“O número de pesquisadores na área tem aumentado e no Brasil tivemos grandes avanços nos últimos dez anos, com a formação de vários doutores nesse campo. Foi o caso de diversos dos nossos colaboradores. Os benefícios à saúde já foram comprovados, mas agora é fundamental continuar estudando, principalmente para aprimorar nossas estratégias de promoção da atividade física junto à população”, disse.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Segundo ele, é fundamental desenvolver pesquisas brasileiras nessa área. Os estudos relacionados aos aspectos biológicos da relação entre a atividade física e a saúde nem sempre podem ser extrapolados para todos os países.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;“Quando se trata de promoção da atividade física, a necessidade de elaborar estudos no Brasil é ainda maior, porque essa promoção envolve fatores culturais e sociais que mudam de acordo com o ambiente. Então, é muito difícil aplicar no Brasil as estratégias de promoção desenvolvidas nos Estados Unidos ou na Europa”, disse.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;O primeiro capítulo da obra introduz a terminologia, a conceituação e o histórico do estudo da atividade física do ponto de vista populacional, especificando também terminologias da epidemiologia descritiva e analítica.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;“O segundo capítulo traça um histórico da atividade física e saúde, desde sua origem no século 20. O terceiro capítulo trata da mensuração da atividade física na população e, o quarto, de recomendações para as práticas de atividade física nos casos específicos de crianças, adolescentes, adultos e idosos. O quinto capítulo descreve a prevalência da atividade física no Brasil e no mundo, em cada categoria populacional”, disse Florindo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;O sexto capítulo trata das barreiras relacionadas à atividade física, identificando os fatores que impedem os indivíduos de iniciar ou manter a atividade física. O sétimo debate o tema “Atividade física e ambiente”, descrevendo o ambiente físico e social propício para as práticas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;O oitavo capítulo aborda o estudo da prática da atividade física ao longo da vida. O nono discute o conhecimento da população sobre os benefícios da atividade física e o quanto isso influencia a prática.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;“No décimo capítulo falamos da atenção básica, ou seja, como a atividade física vem sendo desenvolvida no contexto do SUS. No capítulo 11 discutimos atividade física e prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. No capítulo 12 falamos das intervenções de promoção de atividade física no Brasil e, no capítulo 13, lançamos um olhar para o futuro da epidemiologia da atividade física”, disse.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Epidemiologia da Atividade Física&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Organizadores: Pedro Curi Hallal e Alex Antonio Florindo&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Lançamento: 2011&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Preço: R$ 48,45&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Páginas: 240&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Mais informações: &lt;a href="http://www.atheneu.com.br/index.php/livros/educacao-fisica-1/epidemiologia-da-atividade-fisica.html"&gt;www.atheneu.com.br&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-5725490738599538480?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5725490738599538480'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5725490738599538480'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/livro-aborda-multiplos-aspectos-da.html' title='Livro aborda múltiplos aspectos da relação entre saúde e atividade física'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uct36P6twYc/TyFgvGzCG5I/AAAAAAAAD-w/bx7-KsUNZEY/s72-c/foto_dentro15085_2+Epidemiologia.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-1735309159325272375</id><published>2012-01-26T12:14:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-26T12:14:59.214-02:00</updated><title type='text'>A evolução da especialização funcional e a divisão de trabalho</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Evolution of functional specialization and division of labor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Claus Rueffler&amp;nbsp;a,1,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Joachim Hermisson&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Günter P. Wagner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;aMathematics and Biosciences Group, Department of Mathematics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;bMax F. Perutz Laboratories, 1030 Vienna, Austria; and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;cDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Edited by Michael Doebeli, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, and accepted by the Editorial Board December 15, 2011 (received for review July 1, 2011)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Division of labor among functionally specialized modules occurs at all levels of biological organization in both animals and plants. Well-known examples include the evolution of specialized enzymes after gene duplication, the evolution of specialized cell types, limb diversification in arthropods, and the evolution of specialized colony members in many taxa of marine invertebrates and social insects. Here, we identify conditions favoring the evolution of division of labor by means of a general mathematical model. Our starting point is the assumption that modules contribute to two different biological tasks and that the potential of modules to contribute to these tasks is traded off. Our results are phrased in terms of properties of performance functions that map the phenotype of modules to measures of performance. We show that division of labor is favored by three factors: positional effects that predispose modules for one of the tasks, accelerating performance functions, and synergistic interactions between modules. If modules can be lost or damaged, selection for robustness can counteract selection for functional specialization. To illustrate our theory we apply it to the evolution of specialized enzymes coded by duplicated genes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;complexity,&amp;nbsp;fitness landscape,&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;saddle point&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Footnotes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:&lt;a href="mailto:claus.rueffler@univie.ac.at"&gt;claus.rueffler@univie.ac.at&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author contributions: C.R., J.H., and G.P.W. designed research; C.R. performed research; and C.R., J.H., and G.P.W. wrote the paper.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The authors declare no conflict of interest.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. M.D. is a guest editor invited by the Editorial Board.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This article contains supporting information online at&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1110521109/-/DCSupplemental" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1110521109/-/DCSupplemental&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/01/23/1110521109.full.pdf+html?with-ds=yes"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-1735309159325272375?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1735309159325272375'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1735309159325272375'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/evolucao-da-especializacao-funcional-e.html' title='A evolução da especialização funcional e a divisão de trabalho'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-1086040700709866089</id><published>2012-01-25T15:23:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-26T07:38:15.379-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Marcelo Gleiser ‘falou e disse’: Vade mecum [Sigam-me]!!!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Domingo, Janeiro 22, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O artigo &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/marcelogleiser/1037765-por-que-duvidam-da-evolucao.shtml"&gt;Por que duvidam da evolução?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;, de Marcelo Gleiser, publicado na Folha de São Paulo, em 22/01/12, [acesso integral para assinantes da FSP ou UOL]&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;*&lt;/span&gt;,&amp;nbsp;artigo original em inglês &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2012/01/18/145338804/why-do-so-many-have-trouble-with-evolution" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-style: italic;"&gt;Why do so many have trouble believing in evolution&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;repete, ad nauseam, o antigo mantra darwiniano de polarizar uma questão científica extremamente importante como sendo ciência (racionalidade) versus religião (irracionalidade).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iSok6B3fDSM/TyA4DaJuCJI/AAAAAAAAD-o/QVpnxIgqg00/s1600/Mapusaurus+roseae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iSok6B3fDSM/TyA4DaJuCJI/AAAAAAAAD-o/QVpnxIgqg00/s400/Mapusaurus+roseae.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2012/01/18/145338804/why-do-so-many-have-trouble-with-evolution"&gt;Junko Kimura/Getty Images&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Algumas vezes o registro fóssil vem com dentes: Mapusaurus roseae sendo exibido na exposição “Dinosauros de Gondwana”, no Museu Nacional da Natureza e Ciência, Tóquio, 2009.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Nada mais falso na apologética de Gleiser, e o pior, ele e a Nomenklatura científica sabem disso, mas fingem não saber: a questão hoje em dia é científica – como que as especulações transformistas de Darwin são corroboradas no contexto de justificação teórica?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Para dar um verniz de respeitabilidade científica ao seu artigo, Gleiser menciona uma pesquisa de opinião Gallup feita nos Estados Unidos, e dramatiza para causar impacto nos leitores, ao mencionar que a pesquisa foi feita “na véspera do aniversário de 200 anos do nascimento de Charles Darwin, no dia 12 de fevereiro de 2009”, onde as pessoas mais religiosas nos EUA disseram se opor mais à teoria da evolução: somente 39% dos americanos “acreditam na teoria da evolução”.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Pasmem os leitores – na ausência de “dados semelhantes no Brasil”, Gleiser apela, nota bene, apela para a imaginação de “que os números sejam semelhantes ou piores”. Aqui ele deixou de ser o cientista objetivo, racional, que exige evidências para a aceitação de um fato, deu lugar à imaginação subjetiva de que no Brasil a situação deve ser pior. Quase deixei de ler seu artigo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Uma variável naquela pesquisa Gallup relacionou o nível educacional dos respondentes:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;21% das pessoas com ensino médio completo ou menos acreditam na evolução, 53% nos graduados e 74% de pós-graduados.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Outra variável investigada dos que acreditam na evolução foi a frequência à igreja:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;24% vão a igreja semanalmente, 30% ao menos uma vez por mês e 55% nunca vão.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;QEDE [Que era de esperar], quanto mais crente, maior a desconfiança em relação à teoria de Darwin.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Destaco aqui uma falha na pesquisa Gallup, e que Gleiser sequer pensou a respeito (não lhe convém): eles deixaram de fora a variável sobre os ateus, agnósticos e céticos nos EUA que não acreditam na evolução. Eu conheço vários, e por razões estritamente científicas! Gleiser também conhece, mas finge desconhecer.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Gleiser afirma que a evidência em favor da evolução é indiscutível. Para isso ele mencionou o registro fóssil e a resistência das bactérias aos antibióticos. A primeira evidência tem alvo direcionado intencionalmente: os criacionistas da Terra jovem (entre 6 a 10.000 anos atrás), pois a datação usando a emissão de partículas de núcleos atômicos radioativos vai revelar que os dinossauros desapareceram há 65 milhões de anos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Gleiser sabe, mas finge não saber: o registro fóssil testemunha o tendão de Aquiles de Darwin – a Explosão Cambriana. Nem ele e muito menos a Nomenklatura científica ousam abordar as implicações disso para Darwin, pois a especulação transformacionista de ancestralidade comum colapsa no contexto de justificação teórica. O nome disso, Gleiser, é desonestidade acadêmica, pois você sabe disso, mas nunca abordou em suas colunas! Por que? Porque é preciso ter cojones e enfrentar o discurso único da Nomenklatura científica. Ousar ser cientista, aquele que segue as evidências aonde elas forem dar. Mas isso é para poucos, muito poucos!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A outra evidência que Gleiser trouxe a favor da evolução foi a “resistência que bactérias podem desenvolver contra antibióticos”. Isso ocorre quando antibióticos são usados, e as mutações gerarem bactérias resistentes. Mas qual evolução está ocorrendo aqui? Macroevolução ou microevolução? Gleiser não especificou aos seus leitores. Será que ele sabe essa diferença? A evolução não é um processo cego? Como a mutação pode antever [teleologia] resistência para as bactérias? Darwin, me desculpe, mas a Lógica Darwiniana 101 é complicada...&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Embora esse tipo de adaptação por pressão seletiva seja investigado no laboratório, sujeitando populações de bactérias a certas drogas e monitorando modificações no seu código genético, o que temos aqui é um exemplo de microevolução – mudanças dentro de uma espécie.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Assim sendo, a resistência a antibióticos envolve, tipicamente, uma mutação minima que altera levemente a estrutura do alvo do antibiótico de tal modo que ele não é mais eficiente. A evolução que ocorreu aqui, não é a que Gleiser tentou engabelar os leitores – a macroevolução, a que envolve grandes mudanças funcionais, mas meramente uma pequena mudança ou até perda de informação genética.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O que Gleiser apresentou como sendo uma evidência a favor da evolução, é na verdade uma evidência contra o fato, Fato, FATO da evolução, pois os processos por detrás da resistência a antibióticos não envolve a criação de nova informação significante, e não deve ser extrapolada como fornecendo evidência para a ideia que o leitor leigo tem sobre a evolução, pois não ocorreu mudança macroevolucionária. Pesquisa recente -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Therapeutic antimicrobial peptides may compromise natural immunity &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;, de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Michelle G. J. L. Habets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Michael A. Brockhurst&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;, publicado no Biology Letters,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;esclarece muito a questão. &lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/01/20/rsbl.2011.1203.full.pdf+html"&gt;PDF gratuito aqui&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Tendo arrazoado com exemplos tão contraditórios e epistemicamemente rasos para o estabelecimento do fato, Fato, FATO da evolução, as perguntas de Gleiser sobre “por que a evolução causa tanto problema para tanta gente” e de que seria “tão ofensivo assim termos tido um ancestral em comum com outros primatas, como os chimpanzés” ficam vazias. Quer origem mais humilde do que a atribuída pela visão judaico-cristã de que somos pó? Mas esta explicação não é considerada científica.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;A afirmação de Gleiser de que a nossa descendência é ainda muito mais dramática, se formos recuar mais para o passado, onde todos os animais que existem descenderam de um único ancestral, o Último Ancestral Universal Comum (na sigla Luca, em inglês), provavelmente era um ser unicelular, revela desatualização na literatura especializada. Por favor, alguém aí da Nomenklatura científica avise ao Gleiser que a Árvore da Vida de Darwin já caiu em desgraça diante da comunidade científica. O LUCA é apenas uma projeção mental, aceita a priori, pelos cientistas de que realmente o fato, Fato, FATO da evolução é assim. As montanhas de evidências encontradas na natureza dizem NÃO!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Não é desconfiança do conhecimento científico que leva muitas pessoas a não acreditar na evolução, e nem está ligado “Deus-dos-Vãos” [sic, Deus das Lacunas], nem tampouco a noção de que quanto mais aprendemos sobre o mundo, menos Deus é necessário – é Darwin das lacunas que tem provocado este ceticismo salutar contra o fato, Fato, FATO da evolução.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Pode até ser que os “que interpretam a Bíblia literalmente” vejam nisso “uma perda de rumo”, mas são muito mais as descobertas científicas que revelam cada vez mais a complexidade e diversidade das formas biológicas que a teoria da evolução de Darwin não consegue explicar, a responsável pela incredulidades dos crentes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Não sei por que Gleiser trouxe Deus, Adão e Eva, a nossa mortalidade após a "queda do Paraíso", e o fato de as pessoas não saberem lidar com a morte, num artigo sobre a rejeição de uma teoria científica: são valores subjetivos, não são posicionamentos científicos, e sim ideológicos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Pensei que não fosse concordar com Gleiser na minha catilinária, mas “uma teologia que insiste em contrapor a fé ao conhecimento científico só leva a um maior obscurantismo”. Não consegui entender, todavia, como que Gleiser, um ateu-ainda-no-armário imagine existir “outras formas de encontrar Deus ou outros caminhos em busca de uma espiritualidade maior na vida” se Deus não existe?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Desculpe, Gleiser, mas o moto da Royal Society em Londres é Nullius in verba [Não aceitar a palavra de ninguém], e não Vade mecum [Sigam-me] como você quis. Vai ver por isso os americanos resistem mais à teoria da evolução de Darwin. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Não sei qual seria o número aqui no Brasil, mas, seguindo a Gleiser, imagino que deva ser muito, inclusive entre os professores das universidades públicas e privadas que, amordaçados pela Nomenklatura científica, não podem seguir as evidências aonde elas forem dar.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Da próxima vez, Gleiser, consulte este blog aqui para não escrever bobagens como evidências a favor do fato, Fato, FATO da evolução.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Alô &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ombudsman/" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Suzana Singer, ombudsman da Folha de São Paulo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Email: &lt;a href="mailto:ombudsman@uol.com.br"&gt;ombudsman@uol.com.br&lt;/a&gt; No Twitter: &lt;a href="http://twitter.com/folha_ombudsman"&gt;@folha_ombudsman&lt;/a&gt;]&amp;nbsp;seus leitores merecem coisa melhor em termos de divulgação científica. O artigo de Gleiser é panfletagem ideológica que posa como se fosse ciência. E panfletagem bem rastaquera!!!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;* &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O texto integral do artigo de Gleiser pode ser lido no blog&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.pavablog.com/2012/01/23/por-que-duvidam-da-evolucao/"&gt;Pavablog&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-1086040700709866089?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1086040700709866089'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1086040700709866089'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/marcelo-gleiser-falou-e-disse-vade.html' title='Marcelo Gleiser ‘falou e disse’: Vade mecum [Sigam-me]!!!'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iSok6B3fDSM/TyA4DaJuCJI/AAAAAAAAD-o/QVpnxIgqg00/s72-c/Mapusaurus+roseae.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-34993327403376552</id><published>2012-01-25T12:45:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-25T12:45:15.368-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Alfred Rusell Wallace, co-descobridor da seleção natural, propunha o design inteligente?</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="349" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/hxvAVln6HLI?rel=0" width="425"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-34993327403376552?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/34993327403376552'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/34993327403376552'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/alfred-rusell-wallace-co-descobridor-da.html' title='Alfred Rusell Wallace, co-descobridor da seleção natural, propunha o design inteligente?'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/hxvAVln6HLI/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-7486028752810079544</id><published>2012-01-25T10:14:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-25T10:19:47.395-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Prof. John C. Walton sobre a origem da vida: mero acaso, fortuita necessidade ou design inteligente???</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="349" mozallowfullscreen="" src="http://player.vimeo.com/video/415018?title=0&amp;amp;byline=0&amp;amp;portrait=0" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="425"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/415018"&gt;The Origin of Life&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/user292887"&gt;Phil Holden&lt;/a&gt; on &lt;a href="http://vimeo.com/"&gt;Vimeo&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Prof. John C. Walton, dois doutorados, Professor Pesquisador de Química na St. Andrews University, e Fellow da Royal Society of Chemistry e da Royal Society of Edinburgh&lt;span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 11px;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-7486028752810079544?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/7486028752810079544'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/7486028752810079544'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/origem-da-vida-mero-acaso-fortuita.html' title='Prof. John C. Walton sobre a origem da vida: mero acaso, fortuita necessidade ou design inteligente???'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-7784626723200826891</id><published>2012-01-24T11:35:00.004-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-24T11:35:52.252-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Uso do ocre vermelho pelos Neandertais primitivos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Use of red ochre by early Neandertals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Wil Roebroeks&amp;nbsp;a,1,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Mark J. Sier&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Trine Kellberg Nielsen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Dimitri De Loecker&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Josep Maria Parés&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Charles E. S. Arps&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Herman J. Mücher&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;aFaculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;bCentro Nacional de Investigación Sobre la Evolución Humana, 09002 Burgos, Spain;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;cPaleomagnetic Laboratory Fort Hoofddijk, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CD, Utrecht, The Netherlands;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;dNCB Naturalis, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands; and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;eUniversity of Amsterdam, 6301 VK, Valkenburg, The Netherlands&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Edited by Richard G. Klein, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved December 20, 2011 (received for review July 27, 2011)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The use of manganese and iron oxides by late Neandertals is well documented in Europe, especially for the period 60–40 kya. Such finds often have been interpreted as pigments even though their exact function is largely unknown. Here we report significantly older iron oxide finds that constitute the earliest documented use of red ochre by Neandertals. These finds were small concentrates of red material retrieved during excavations at Maastricht-Belvédère, The Netherlands. The excavations exposed a series of well-preserved flint artifact (and occasionally bone) scatters, formed in a river valley setting during a late Middle Pleistocene full interglacial period. Samples of the reddish material were submitted to various forms of analyses to study their physical properties. All analyses identified the red material as hematite. This is a nonlocal material that was imported to the site, possibly over dozens of kilometers. Identification of the Maastricht-Belvédère finds as hematite pushes the use of red ochre by (early) Neandertals back in time significantly, to minimally 200–250 kya (i.e., to the same time range as the early ochre use in the African record).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;human evolution,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;paleolithic archeology,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Middle Paleolithic,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;mineral pigments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Footnotes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="mailto:w.roebroeks@arch.leidenuniv.nl"&gt;w.roebroeks@arch.leidenuniv.nl&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;2Retired.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author contributions: W.R. and T.K.N. designed research; W.R., M.J.S., D.D.L., J.M.P., C.E.S.A., and H.J.M. performed research; W.R., M.J.S., J.M.P., C.E.S.A., and H.J.M. analyzed data; and W.R., M.J.S., and T.K.N. wrote the paper.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The authors declare no conflict of interest.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This article contains supporting information online at&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1112261109/-/DCSupplemental" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1112261109/-/DCSupplemental&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/01/17/1112261109.full.pdf+html?with-ds=yes"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-7784626723200826891?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/7784626723200826891'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/7784626723200826891'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/uso-do-ocre-vermelho-pelos-neandertais.html' title='Uso do ocre vermelho pelos Neandertais primitivos'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-4258925503536469299</id><published>2012-01-23T17:59:00.004-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-23T17:59:59.140-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Entre a ordem e o caos</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Between order and chaos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;James P. Crutchfield&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Nature Physics 8, 17–24 (2012)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;doi:10.1038/nphys2190&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Received 28 October 2011&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Accepted 30 November 2011&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Published online 22 December 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;What is a pattern? How do we come to recognize patterns never seen before? Quantifying the notion of pattern and formalizing the process of pattern discovery go right to the heart of physical science. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Over the past few decades physics’ view of nature’s lack of structure—its unpredictability—underwent a major renovation with the discovery of deterministic chaos, overthrowing two centuries of Laplace’s strict determinism in classical physics. &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Behind the veil of apparent randomness, though, many processes are highly ordered, following simple rules.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Tools adapted from the theories of information and computation have brought physical science to the brink of automatically discovering hidden patterns and quantifying their &lt;b&gt;structural complexity&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Subject terms: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Statistical physics, thermodynamics and nonlinear dynamics,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Information theory and computation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v8/n1/pdf/nphys2190.pdf"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"&gt;&lt;div class="section  first expanded" id="abstract" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/section&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-4258925503536469299?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/4258925503536469299'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/4258925503536469299'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/entre-ordem-e-o-caos.html' title='Entre a ordem e o caos'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-757653702628322927</id><published>2012-01-23T17:50:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-23T17:50:56.135-02:00</updated><title type='text'>A tomada do poder da rede</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The network takeover&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Albert-László Barabási&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Nature Physics 8, 14–16 (2012) doi:10.1038/nphys2188&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Published online 22 December 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Reductionism, as a paradigm, is expired, and complexity, as a field, is tired. Data-based mathematical models of complex systems are offering a fresh perspective, rapidly developing into a new discipline: network science.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Reports of the death of reductionism are greatly exaggerated. It is so ingrained in our thinking that if one day some magical force should make us all forget it, we would promptly have to reinvent it. The real worry is not with reductionism, which, as a paradigm and tool, is rather useful. It is necessary, but no longer sufficient. But, weighing up better ideas, it became a burden.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“You never want a serious crisis to go to waste,” Ralph Emmanuel, at that time Obama's chief of staff, famously proclaimed in November 2008, at the height of the financial meltdown. Indeed, forced by an imminent need to go beyond reductionism, a new network-based paradigm is emerging that is taking science by storm. It relies on datasets that are inherently incomplete and noisy. It builds on a set of sharp tools, developed during the past decade, that seem to be just as useful in search engines as in cell biology. It is making a real impact from science to industry. Along the way it points to a new way to handle a century-old problem: complexity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A better understanding of the pieces cannot solve the difficulties that many research fields currently face, from cell biology to software design. There is no 'cancer gene'. A typical cancer patient has mutations in a few dozen of about 300 genes, an elusive combinatorial problem whose complexity is increasingly a worry to the medical community. No single regulation can legislate away the economic malady that is slowly eating at our wealth. It is the web of diverging financial and political interests that makes policy so difficult to implement. Consciousness cannot be reduced to a single neuron. It is an emergent property that engages billions of synapses. In fact, the more we know about the workings of individual genes, banks or neurons, the less we understand the system as a whole. &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Consequently, an increasing number of the big questions of contemporary science are rooted in the same problem: we hit the limits of reductionism.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;No need to mount a defence of it. Instead, &lt;b&gt;we need to tackle the real question in front of us: complexity.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The complexity argument is by no means new. It has re-emerged repeatedly during the past decades. The fact that it is still fresh underlines the lack of progress achieved so far. It also stays with us for good reason: &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;complexity research is a thorny undertaking.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;First&lt;/span&gt;, its goals are easily confusing to the outsider. What does it aim to address — the origins of social order, biological complexity or economic interconnectedness? &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Second&lt;/span&gt;, decades of research on complexity were driven by big, sweeping theoretical ideas, inspired by toy models and differential equations that ultimately failed to deliver. Think synergetics and its slave modes; think chaos theory, ultimately telling us more about unpredictability than how to predict nonlinear systems; think self-organized criticality, a sweeping collection of scaling ideas squeezed into a sand pile; think fractals, hailed once as the source of all answers to the problems of pattern formation. We learned a lot, but achieved little: our tools failed to keep up with the shifting challenges that complex systems pose. &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Third&lt;/span&gt;, there is a looming methodological question: &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;what should a theory of complexity deliver?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; A new Maxwellian formula, condensing into a set of elegant equations every ill that science faces today? Or a new uncertainty principle, encoding what we can and what we can't do in complex systems? &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Finally&lt;/span&gt;, who owns the science of complexity? Physics? Engineering? Biology, mathematics, computer science? All of the above? Anyone?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;These questions have resisted answers for decades.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Yet something has changed in the past few years. The driving force behind this change can be condensed into a single word: &lt;b&gt;data&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Fuelled by cheap sensors and high-throughput technologies, &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;the data explosion that we witness today, from social media to cell biology, is offering unparalleled opportunities to document the inner workings of many complex systems.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Microarray and proteomic tools offer us the simultaneous activity of all human genes and proteins; mobile-phone records capture the communication and mobility patterns of whole countries&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v8/n1/full/nphys2188.html#ref1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;; import–export and stock data condense economic activity into easily accessible databases&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v8/n1/full/nphys2188.html#ref2"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;As scientists sift through these mountains of data, we are witnessing an increasing awareness that if we are to tackle complexity, the tools to do so are being born right now, in front of our eyes. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;The field that benefited most from this data windfall is often called network theory, and it is fundamentally reshaping our approach to complexity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v8/n1/pdf/nphys2188.pdf"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-757653702628322927?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/757653702628322927'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/757653702628322927'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/tomada-do-poder-da-rede.html' title='A tomada do poder da rede'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-632440942579468116</id><published>2012-01-23T17:42:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-23T17:42:12.558-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Complexidade</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Complexity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Andreas Trabesinger&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Nature Physics 8, 13 (2012) doi:10.1038/nphys2198&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Published online 22 December 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;A formal definition of what constitutes a complex system is not easy to devise; equally difficult is the delineation of which fields of study fall within the bounds of 'complexity'.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; An appealing approach — but only one of several possibilities — is to play on the 'more is different' theme, declaring that the properties of a complex system as a whole cannot be understood from the study of its individual constituents. &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;There are many examples, from neurons in the brain, to transport users in traffic networks, to data packages in the Internet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Large datasets — collected, for example, in proteomic studies, or captured in records of mobile-phone users and Internet traffic — now provide an unprecedented level of information about these systems. Indeed, the availability of these detailed datasets has led to an explosion of activity in the modelling of complex systems. Data-based models can not only provide an understanding of the properties and behaviours of individual systems, but also, beyond that, might lead to the discovery of common properties between seemingly disparate systems.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Much of the progress made during the past decade or so comes under the banner of 'network science'. The representation of complex systems as networks, or graphs, has proved to be a tremendously useful abstraction, and has led to an understanding of how many real-world systems are structured, what kinds of dynamic processes they support and how they interact with each other. This Nature Physics Insight is therefore admittedly inclined towards research in complex networks. As Albert-László Barabási argues in his Commentary, the past decade has indeed witnessed a 'network takeover'. On the other hand, James Crutchfield, in his review of the tools for discovering patterns and quantifying their structural complexity, demonstrates beautifully how fundamental theories of information and computation have led to a deeper understanding of just what 'complex systems' are.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;For a topic as broad as complexity, it is impossible to do justice to all of the recent developments. The field has been shaped over decades by advances in physics, engineering, computer science, biology and sociology, and its ramifications are equally diverse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; But a selection had to be made, and we hope that this Insight will prove inspiring, and a showcase for the pivotal role that physicists are playing — and are bound to play — in the inherently multidisciplinary endeavour of making sense of complexity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v8/n1/pdf/nphys2198.pdf"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;NOTA DESTE BLOGGER:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A teoria do Design Inteligente propõe a &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;complexidade irredutível em sistemas biológicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; e a &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;informação complexa especificada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; como sendo sinais de inteligência que podem ser detectados na natureza.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-632440942579468116?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/632440942579468116'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/632440942579468116'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/complexidade.html' title='Complexidade'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-5007706762960269183</id><published>2012-01-20T17:01:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-20T17:03:30.566-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Livro e site resgatam a história da divulgação científica brasileira</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://agencia.fapesp.br/15066"&gt;Livro e site resgatam a história da divulgação científica brasileira&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;20/01/2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Agência FAPESP – A versão digital do livro Um gesto ameno para acordar o país – A ciência no Jornal do Commercio (1958-1962) já está disponível no site&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.museudavida.fiocruz.br/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?UserActiveTemplate=mvida&amp;amp;infoid=1664&amp;amp;sid=201"&gt;www.museudavida.fiocruz.br/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A obra de 74 páginas relembra a história da seção dominical de ciência do jornal carioca, criada em 1958. De sua equipe, participou o então estudante Leopoldo de Meis, hoje cientista da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-M0YMk7_GnCQ/Txm6TaQO4WI/AAAAAAAAD-g/CRFw22eSt6s/s1600/foto_boletim15066_1+Divulga%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+cient%25C3%25ADfica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="232" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-M0YMk7_GnCQ/Txm6TaQO4WI/AAAAAAAAD-g/CRFw22eSt6s/s320/foto_boletim15066_1+Divulga%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+cient%25C3%25ADfica.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Versão digital da obra que narra a rotina de produção do antigo suplemento de ciência do Jornal do Commercio já está disponível&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O livro foi organizado pelo próprio Meis, em parceria com as jornalistas Luisa Massarani e Claudia Jurberg. O time localizou a coleção quase completa do suplemento de ciência. O último exemplar encontrado foi de 12 de agosto de 1962.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Cinco textos integram a publicação. O primeiro, de Maurício Dinepi, diretor-presidente do Jornal do Commercio, traz um histórico do periódico. Em seguida, Meis conta detalhes da rotina de produção do suplemento em entrevista a Marina Verjovsky e Claudia Jurberg.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Bernardo Esteves enumera algumas das iniciativas de divulgação científica de que se tem notícia na imprensa brasileira entre a segunda metade da década de 1940 e o início dos anos 1960, com destaque para o suplemento dominical Ciência para Todos, publicado no jornal carioca A Manhãentre 1948 e 1953.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Ildeu de Castro Moreira e Luisa Massarani, por sua vez, analisam a página dominical do Jornal do Commercio à luz do contexto político da época. Marina Verjovsky, Tainá Rêgo e Claudia Jurberg dedicam-se a analisar todas as notícias de saúde publicadas pelo periódico nesse período.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;No evento de lançamento do livro, realizado em novembro, também foi divulgado o site&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.museudavida.fiocruz.br/brasiliana/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?tpl=home"&gt;Brasiliana&lt;/a&gt;, que busca reconstruir a história da divulgação científica no Brasil e reunir as diversas iniciativas nesse campo desde o século 19 até os dias de hoje.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-5007706762960269183?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5007706762960269183'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5007706762960269183'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/livro-e-site-resgatam-historia-da.html' title='Livro e site resgatam a história da divulgação científica brasileira'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-M0YMk7_GnCQ/Txm6TaQO4WI/AAAAAAAAD-g/CRFw22eSt6s/s72-c/foto_boletim15066_1+Divulga%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o+cient%25C3%25ADfica.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-2219198252097438387</id><published>2012-01-20T11:44:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-20T11:44:26.166-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Os trilobitas já tinham visão complexa há mais de 550 milhões de anos</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="349" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/ySAuIYi7ukU" width="425"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-2219198252097438387?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/2219198252097438387'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/2219198252097438387'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/os-trilobitas-ja-tinham-visao-complexa.html' title='Os trilobitas já tinham visão complexa há mais de 550 milhões de anos'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/ySAuIYi7ukU/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-950028004034909709</id><published>2012-01-20T09:53:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-20T09:53:54.890-02:00</updated><title type='text'>O paradoxo de Fermi, sondas auto-replicantes, e a largura de banda do transporte interestelar</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The Fermi Paradox, Self-Replicating Probes, and the Interstellar Transportation Bandwidth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Keith B. Wiley&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;(Submitted on 26 Nov 2011)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;It has been widely acknowledged that self-replicating space-probes (SRPs) could explore the galaxy very quickly relative to the age of the galaxy. An obvious implication is that SRPs produced by extraterrestrial civilizations should have arrived in our solar system millions of years ago, and furthermore, that new probes from an ever-arising supply of civilizations ought to be arriving on a constant basis. The lack of observations of such probes underlies a frequently cited variation of the Fermi Paradox. We believe that a predilection for ETI-optimistic theories has deterred consideration of incompatible theories. Notably, SRPs have virtually disappeared from the literature. In this paper, we consider the most common arguments against SRPs and find those arguments lacking. By extension, we find recent models of galactic exploration which explicitly exclude SRPs to be unfairly handicapped and unlikely to represent natural scenarios.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;We also consider several other models that seek to explain the Fermi Paradox, most notably percolation theory and two societal-collapse theories. In the former case, we find that it imposes unnatural assumptions which likely render it unrealistic. In the latter case, we present a new theory of interstellar transportation bandwidth which calls into question the validity of societal-collapse theories.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Finally, we offer our thoughts on how to design future SETI programs which take the conclusions of this paper into account to maximize the chance of detection.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Comments: 13 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Icarus, this version incorporates a few minor updates that differ from the version currently under review and which will presumably be included in a published version&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Subjects: Popular Physics (physics.pop-ph); Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Cite as: &lt;a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1111.6131v1"&gt;arXiv:1111.6131v1&lt;/a&gt; [physics.pop-ph]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Submission historyFrom: Keith Wiley [&lt;a href="http://arxiv.org/auth/show-email/47bbe25b/1111.6131"&gt;view email&lt;/a&gt;]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;[v1] Sat, 26 Nov 2011 02:45:00 GMT (144kb,D)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;+++++&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/1111/1111.6131v1.pdf"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-950028004034909709?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/950028004034909709'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/950028004034909709'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/o-paradoxo-de-fermi-sondas-auto.html' title='O paradoxo de Fermi, sondas auto-replicantes, e a largura de banda do transporte interestelar'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-3673790760419835934</id><published>2012-01-20T08:54:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-20T08:54:40.512-02:00</updated><title type='text'>O que aconteceu antes do Big Bang? A nova filosofia da cosmologia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;What Happened Before the Big Bang? The New Philosophy of Cosmology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Ross Andersen is a writer living in Washington, D.C. You can follow him on Twitter at &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.twitter.com/andersen" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;@andersen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;JAN 19 2012, 11:49 AM ET &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/01/what-happened-before-the-big-bang-the-new-philosophy-of-cosmology/251608/#disqus_thread" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;52&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;What existed before the big bang? What is the nature of time? Is our universe one of many? On the big questions science cannot (yet?) answer, a new crop of philosophers are trying to provide answers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OtENQwEKapg/TxlGzapXp0I/AAAAAAAAD-Q/2_Z9E1Qw8I4/s1600/cosmolog1_615.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="237" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OtENQwEKapg/TxlGzapXp0I/AAAAAAAAD-Q/2_Z9E1Qw8I4/s400/cosmolog1_615.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Last May, Stephen Hawking gave a talk at Google's Zeitgeist Conference in which he declared philosophy to be dead. In his book The Grand Design, Hawking went even further. "How can we understand the world in which we find ourselves? How does the universe behave? What is the nature of reality? Where did all this come from? Traditionally these were questions for philosophy, but philosophy is dead," Hawking wrote. "Philosophy has not kept up with modern developments in science, particularly physics."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;In December, a group of professors from America's top philosophy departments, including Columbia, Yale, and NYU, set out to establish the philosophy of cosmology as a new field of study within the philosophy of physics. The group aims to bring a philosophical approach to the basic questions at the heart of physics, including those concerning the nature, age and fate of the universe. This past week, a second group of scholars from Oxford and Cambridge announced their intention to launch a similar project in the United Kingdom.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;One of the founding members of the American group, &lt;a href="http://philosophy.as.nyu.edu/object/timmaudlin.html"&gt;Tim Maudlin&lt;/a&gt;, was recently hired by New York University, the top ranked philosophy department in the English-speaking world. Maudlin is a philosopher of physics whose interests range from the foundations of physics, to topics more firmly within the domain of philosophy, like metaphysics and logic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Yesterday I spoke with Maudlin by phone about cosmology, multiple universes, the nature of time, the odds of extraterrestrial life, and why Stephen Hawking is wrong about philosophy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6JZ3yBIYdKc/TxlHDg8456I/AAAAAAAAD-Y/6C4H3lcEtN8/s1600/Tim+Maudlin+-+New+York+University.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="261" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6JZ3yBIYdKc/TxlHDg8456I/AAAAAAAAD-Y/6C4H3lcEtN8/s400/Tim+Maudlin+-+New+York+University.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Your group has identified the central goal of the philosophy of cosmology to be the pursuit of outstanding conceptual problems at the foundations of cosmology. As you see it, what are the most striking of those problems?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Maudlin&lt;/b&gt;: So, I guess I would divide that into two classes. There are foundational problems and interpretational problems in physics, generally --say, in quantum theory, or in space-time theory, or in trying to come up with a quantum theory of gravity-- that people will worry about even if they're not doing what you would call the philosophy of cosmology. But sometimes those problems manifest themselves in striking ways when you look at them on a cosmological scale. So some of this is just a different window on what we would think of as foundational problems in physics, generally.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Then there are problems that are fairly specific to cosmology. Standard cosmology, or what was considered standard cosmology twenty years ago, led people to the conclude that the universe that we see around us began in a big bang, or put another way, in some very hot, very dense state. And if you think about the characteristics of that state, in order to explain the evolution of the universe, that state had to be a very low entropy state, and there's a line of thought that says that anything that is very low entropy is in some sense very improbable or unlikely. And if you carry that line of thought forward, you then say "Well gee, you're telling me the universe began in some extremely unlikely or improbable state" and you wonder is there any explanation for that. Is there any principle that you can use to account for the big bang state?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This question of accounting for what we call the "big bang state" -- the search for a physical explanation of it -- is probably the most important question within the philosophy of cosmology, and there are a couple different lines of thought about it. One that's becoming more and more prevalent in the physics community is the idea that the big bang state itself arose out of some previous condition, and that therefore there might be an explanation of it in terms of the previously existing dynamics by which it came about. There are other ideas, for instance that maybe there might be special sorts of laws, or special sorts of explanatory principles, that would apply uniquely to the initial state of the universe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;One common strategy for thinking about this is to suggest that what we used to call the whole universe is just a small part of everything there is, and that we live in a kind of bubble universe, a small region of something much larger. And the beginning of this region, what we call the big bang, came about by some physical process, from something before it, and that we happen to find ourselves in this region because this is a region that can support life. The idea being that there are lots of these bubble universes, maybe an infinite number of bubble universes, all very different from one another. Part of the explanation of what's called the anthropic principle says, "Well now, if that's the case, we as living beings will certainly find ourselves in one of those bubbles that happens to support living beings." That gives you a kind of account for why the universe we see around us has certain properties.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Read more here/Leia mais aqui: &lt;a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/01/what-happened-before-the-big-bang-the-new-philosophy-of-cosmology/251608/"&gt;The Atlantic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-3673790760419835934?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/3673790760419835934'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/3673790760419835934'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/o-que-aconteceu-antes-do-big-bang-nova.html' title='O que aconteceu antes do Big Bang? A nova filosofia da cosmologia'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OtENQwEKapg/TxlGzapXp0I/AAAAAAAAD-Q/2_Z9E1Qw8I4/s72-c/cosmolog1_615.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-3483465267834320148</id><published>2012-01-19T17:07:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-19T17:07:55.664-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Para onde vai a biologia de sistemas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Whither systems biology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Anthony A. Hyman*&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauer strasse 108, Dresden 01309, Germany&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;*&lt;a href="mailto:hyman@mpi-cbg.de"&gt;hyman@mpi-cbg.de&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cell biologists are interested in how complexity arises from the interaction of different molecules.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;However, cells are many orders of magnitude larger than the protein-binding interfaces. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;To bridge these vast difference in scales, biologists construct hierarchies of organization of cellular structures. &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;I describe how systems biology provides an approach to bridge these different scales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;systems biology,&amp;nbsp;modelling,&amp;nbsp;cell cycle&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Footnotes&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;One contribution of 16 to a Theme Issue ‘&lt;a href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1584.toc"&gt;The cell cycle&lt;/a&gt;’.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This journal is © 2011 The Royal Society&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;+++++&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1584/3635.full.pdf+html"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-3483465267834320148?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/3483465267834320148'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/3483465267834320148'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/para-onde-vai-biologia-de-sistemas.html' title='Para onde vai a biologia de sistemas'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-5038907926878815280</id><published>2012-01-19T17:03:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-19T17:03:46.875-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Regulação traducional do ciclo celular: quando, onde, como e por quê?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Translational regulation of the cell cycle: when, where, how and why?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Iva Kronja and&amp;nbsp;Terry L. Orr-Weaver*&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Whitehead Institute and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;*Author for correspondence (&lt;a href="mailto:weaver@wi.mit.edu"&gt;weaver@wi.mit.edu&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Translational regulation contributes to the control of archetypal and specialized cell cycles, such as the meiotic and early embryonic cycles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Late meiosis and early embryogenesis unfold in the absence of transcription, so they particularly rely on translational repression and activation of stored maternal mRNAs. Here, we present examples of cell cycle regulators that are translationally controlled during different cell cycle and developmental transitions in model organisms ranging from yeast to mouse. Our focus also is on the RNA-binding proteins that affect cell cycle progression by recognizing special features in untranslated regions of mRNAs. Recent research highlights the significance of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein (CPEB). CPEB determines polyadenylation status, and consequently translational efficiency, of its target mRNAs in both transcriptionally active somatic cells as well as in transcriptionally silent mature Xenopus oocytes and early embryos. We discuss the role of CPEB in mediating the translational timing and in some cases spindle-localized translation of critical regulators ofXenopus oogenesis and early embryogenesis. We conclude by outlining potential directions and approaches that may provide further insights into the translational control of the cell cycle.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;cyclin–CDK,&amp;nbsp;mitotic spindle,&amp;nbsp;meiosis,&amp;nbsp;oocyte,&amp;nbsp;polyadenylation,&amp;nbsp;cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Footnotes&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;One contribution of 16 to a Theme Issue ‘&lt;a href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1584.toc"&gt;The cell cycle&lt;/a&gt;’.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This journal is © 2011 The Royal Society&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1584/3638.full.pdf+html"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-5038907926878815280?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5038907926878815280'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5038907926878815280'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/regulacao-traducional-do-ciclo-celular.html' title='Regulação traducional do ciclo celular: quando, onde, como e por quê?'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-91352605836191823</id><published>2012-01-19T13:26:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-19T13:27:55.384-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Controle de qualidade no início da replicação do DNA eucariótico: mero acaso, fortuita necessidade ou design inteligente???</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Quality control in the initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;John F. X. Diffley*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts EN6 3LD, UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;*&lt;a href="mailto:john.diffley@cancer.org.uk"&gt;john.diffley@cancer.org.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Origins of DNA replication must be regulated to ensure that the entire genome is replicated precisely once in each cell cycle. In human cells, this requires that tens of thousands of replication origins are activated exactly once per cell cycle. Failure to do so can lead to cell death or genome rearrangements such as those associated with cancer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Systems ensuring efficient initiation of replication, while also providing a robust block to re-initiation, play a crucial role in genome stability.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; In this review, I will discuss some of the &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;strategies used by cells&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; to ensure once per cell cycle replication and provide a quantitative framework to evaluate the relative importance and efficiency of individual pathways involved in this regulation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;DNA replication,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;cell cycle,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;S phase&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Footnotes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;One contribution of 16 to a Theme Issue ‘&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1584.toc" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The cell cycle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;’.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This journal is © 2011 The Royal Society&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1584/3545.full.pdf+html"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-91352605836191823?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/91352605836191823'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/91352605836191823'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/controle-de-qualidade-na-iniciacao-da.html' title='Controle de qualidade no início da replicação do DNA eucariótico: mero acaso, fortuita necessidade ou design inteligente???'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-2327192779335900589</id><published>2012-01-19T12:55:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-19T12:55:27.066-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Aspectos evolucionários da biologia do genoma total</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Current Opinion in Structural Biology 2005, 15:248–253&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Evolutionary aspects of whole-genome biology&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Russell F Doolittle&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;A decade of access to whole-genome sequences has been&amp;nbsp;increasingly revealing about &lt;b&gt;the informational network&lt;/b&gt; relating&amp;nbsp;all living organisms&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. Although at one point there was concern&amp;nbsp;that extensive horizontal gene transfer might hopelessly&amp;nbsp;muddle phylogenies, it has not proved a severe hindrance.&amp;nbsp;The melding of sequence and structural information is being&amp;nbsp;used to great advantage, and the prospect exists that some&amp;nbsp;of the earliest aspects of life on Earth can be reconstructed,&amp;nbsp;including he invention of biosynthetic and metabolic&amp;nbsp;pathways. Still, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;some fundamental phylogenetic problems&amp;nbsp;remain, including determining the root — if there is one — of&amp;nbsp;the historical relationship between Archaea, Bacteria and&amp;nbsp;Eukarya.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Addresses&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Department of Chemistry &amp;amp; Biochemistry, University of California,&amp;nbsp;San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0314, USA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Corresponding author: Doolittle, Russell F (rdoolittle@ucsd.edu)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://doolittle.ucsd.edu/recentpubs/CBSB2005.pdf"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-2327192779335900589?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/2327192779335900589'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/2327192779335900589'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/aspectos-evolucionarios-da-biologia-do.html' title='Aspectos evolucionários da biologia do genoma total'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-1393879741317682338</id><published>2012-01-19T12:44:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-19T13:04:25.323-02:00</updated><title type='text'>As aranhas marinhas já tinham visão periscópica há muito tempo!!!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Wiring a Periscope – Ocelli, Retinula Axons, Visual Neuropils and the Ancestrality of Sea Spiders&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Tobias Lehmann&amp;nbsp;1,2*, Martin Heß&amp;nbsp;2, Roland R. Melzer&amp;nbsp;1&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;1 Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich, Germany, 2Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Abstract&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The Pycnogonida or sea spiders are cryptic, eight-legged arthropods with four median ocelli in a ‘periscope’ or eye tubercle. In older attempts at reconstructing phylogeny they were Arthropoda incertae sedis, but recent molecular trees placed them as the sister group either to all other euchelicerates or even to all euarthropods. Thus, pycnogonids are among the oldest extant arthropods and hold a key position for the understanding of arthropod evolution. This has stimulated studies of new sets of characters conductive to cladistic analyses, e.g. of the chelifores and of the hox gene expression pattern. In contrast knowledge of the architecture of the visual system is cursory. A few studies have analysed the ocelli and the uncommon “pseudoinverted” retinula cells. Moreover, analyses of visual neuropils are still at the stage of Hanström's early comprehensive works. We have therefore used various techniques to analyse the visual fibre pathways and the structure of their interrelated neuropils in several species. We found that pycnogonid ocelli are innervated to first and second visual neuropils in close vicinity to an unpaired midline neuropil, i.e. possibly the arcuate body, in a way very similar to ancestral euarthropods like Euperipatoides rowelli(Onychophora) and Limulus polyphemus (Xiphosura). This supports the ancestrality of pycnogonids and sheds light on what eyes in the pycnogonid ground plan might have ‘looked’ like. Recently it was suggested that arthropod eyes originated from simple ocelli similar to larval eyes. Hence, &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;pycnogonid eyes would be one of the early offshoots among the wealth of more sophisticated arthropod eyes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Citation: Lehmann T, Heß M, Melzer RR (2012) Wiring a Periscope – Ocelli, Retinula Axons, Visual Neuropils and the Ancestrality of Sea Spiders. PLoS ONE 7(1): e30474. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030474&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Editor: Eric James Warrant, Lund University, Sweden&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Received: October 17, 2011; Accepted: December 19, 2011; Published: January 18, 2012&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Copyright: © 2012 Lehmann et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Funding: This study was supported by a Graduiertenstipendium (BayEFG) from the Universität Bayern e.V. to T. Lehmann, and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG Me 2683/6-1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;* E-mail: &lt;a href="mailto:lehmann@zsm.mwn.de"&gt;lehmann@zsm.mwn.de&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;+++++&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030474&amp;amp;representation=PDF"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-1393879741317682338?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1393879741317682338'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1393879741317682338'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/as-aranhas-marinhas-ja-tinham-visao.html' title='As aranhas marinhas já tinham visão periscópica há muito tempo!!!'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-2273271204440384163</id><published>2012-01-19T12:38:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-19T12:38:34.183-02:00</updated><title type='text'>O registro fóssil cambriano e a origem dos filos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The Cambrian Fossil Record and the Origin of the Phyla&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Graham E. Budd&amp;nbsp;2,1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;1Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, University of Uppsala, Norbyvägen 22, Uppsala, Sweden SE-752 36&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/1/157.full#sec-1"&gt;Next Section&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Whilst the “Cambrian Explosion” continues to attract much attention from a wide range of earth and life scientists, the detailed patterns exhibited by the terminal Proterozoic–Early Cambrian biotas remain unclear, for reasons of systematics, biostratigraphy and biogeography.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; In particular, recent changes in absolute dating of the Cambrian have refined the period of time that the fossil record might be of most help in revealing the dynamics of the undoubted radiation taking place at this time. The famous exceptionally preserved faunas seem to be rather close temporally, and as yet reveal little about the earliest and critical period of evolution, deep in the Cambrian. Nevertheless, the most parsimonious interpretation of the Cambrian fossil record is that it represents a broadly accurate temporal picture of the origins of the bilaterian phyla.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/1/157.full.pdf+html"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;NOTA DESTE BLOGGER:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Não existe livro-texto de Biologia do ensino médio aprovado pelo MEC/SEMTEC/PNLEM que aborde a Explosão Cambriana - Big Bang da vida, e o que isso representa para o estabelecimento da teoria da evolução de Darwin através da seleção e &lt;i&gt;n &lt;/i&gt;mecanismos evolucionários no contexto de justificação teórica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Razão? É que a teoria da evolução de Darwin não consegue explicar. É que a Nomenklatura científica sabe que quando os estudantes souberem disso, o fato, Fato, FATO da evolução vai se mostrar, não como sendo a maior ideia que toda a humanidade já teve, mas que Darwin não é assim uma Brastemp em termos epistemológicos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sonegar informações científicas fundamentais como esta é 171 acadêmico. Traduzido em graúdos: ESTELIONATO!!! e nenhum dos autores me processa por danos morais. Por que, hein? Porque eles sabem que Darwin vai junto comigo para o bando dos réus!!!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-2273271204440384163?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/2273271204440384163'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/2273271204440384163'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/o-registro-fossil-cambriano-e-origem.html' title='O registro fóssil cambriano e a origem dos filos'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-5033010882672920350</id><published>2012-01-18T13:23:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-18T13:23:00.871-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Injusto!!!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zTZW_h0XP1Q/TxbgueRaslI/AAAAAAAAD-E/mdLKZAnic50/s1600/Unfair.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="640" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zTZW_h0XP1Q/TxbgueRaslI/AAAAAAAAD-E/mdLKZAnic50/s640/Unfair.gif" width="448" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Authorized use/Uso autorizado: &lt;a href="http://drybonesblog.blogspot.com/2012/01/unfair.html"&gt;Yaakov Kirschen The Dry Bones Blog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;1. - Como está indo o nosso programa de bomba atômica para destruir o estado judeu?&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; - OK&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;2. ... a não ser os vírus e as minhocas em nosso software&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. ... e a explosão de nossos cientistas atômicos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Esses %?#%@!!! judeus não lutam honestamente!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Para, por e com Israel, sempre! Apesar de [preencher as lacunas]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-5033010882672920350?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5033010882672920350'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5033010882672920350'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/injusto.html' title='Injusto!!!'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zTZW_h0XP1Q/TxbgueRaslI/AAAAAAAAD-E/mdLKZAnic50/s72-c/Unfair.gif' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-7103569144844810194</id><published>2012-01-18T12:57:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-18T12:57:58.799-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Dissecando o Darwinismo numa Faculdade de Medicina: os médicos sabem muitos mais do que Darwin</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Dissecting Darwinism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Joseph A. Kuhn, MD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;John Hunter, the acclaimed “father of scientific surgery,” u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;nderstood human anatomy through a process of careful&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;dissection. From 1750 to 1793, he revolutionized modern&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;surgical anatomy through the dissection of thousands&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;of human samples derived from fresh human cadavers, which&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;came from fresh graves (1). He was credited with educating over&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;2000 surgeons globally based on the doctrine of observation,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;experimentation, and application of scientifi c evidence, rather&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;than a reliance on potions, humors, and superstitions to manage&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;disease. The early American surgeons who attended these highly&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;desired anatomy courses included Philip Syng Physick, William&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Shippen, John Morgan, and many others who helped establish&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;the foundations of American medical education.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;John Hunter was also a brilliant biologist and naturalist,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;having dissected and stored thousands of animals and plants.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;His considerable samples represented the entire initial display&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;of the Royal College of Surgeons Museum. In two lengthy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;volumes, entitled Essays and Observations on Natural History,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Anatomy, Physiology, Psychology, and Geology, he identifi ed the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;remarkable similarity of muscles and organs between various&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;species. John Hunter proposed a gradual formation of species&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;through mutation 70 years before Charles Darwin published&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;his observations in On the Origin of the Species. Th erefore, history&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;reveals that surgeons are uniquely capable of gathering&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;information, making observations, and reaching conclusions&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;about scientifi c discoveries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;As the scientific community is faced with new challenges to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;time-honored conclusions regarding the origin of the species,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;the origin of humans, and evolution, it is appropriate to dissect&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;this new corpus of information with fairness and modern&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;knowledge. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to review the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;arguments that have been leveled against the concept of evolution&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;as proposed by Charles Darwin and John Hunter, surgeon&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;and biologist extraordinaire.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Since this review is offered by a physician and surgeon, it&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;might be appropriate to provide evidence of qualification and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;credibility for such a scientific endeavor. Medicine is a field that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;attracts some of the brightest minds, based on competitive test&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;scores and undergraduate performance. Modern premedical&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;education commonly includes a typical bachelor’s of science&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;degree in biology, chemistry, mathematics, biochemistry, or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;molecular biology.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;FREE FULL PDF COMPLETO GRATIS: &lt;a href="http://www.baylorhealth.edu/Documents/BUMC%20Proceedings/2012%20Vol%2025/No.%201/25_1_Kuhn.pdf"&gt;Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-7103569144844810194?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/7103569144844810194'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/7103569144844810194'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/dissecando-o-darwinismo-numa-faculdade.html' title='Dissecando o Darwinismo numa Faculdade de Medicina: os médicos sabem muitos mais do que Darwin'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-6559480053359578011</id><published>2012-01-18T11:51:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-18T11:51:11.029-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Biólogos reproduzem facilmente um passo evolucionário importante de 500 milhões de anos em apenas 60 dias</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Biologists Replicate Key Evolutionary Step&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;ScienceDaily (Jan. 17, 2012) — &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;More than 500 million years ago, single-celled organisms on Earth's surface began forming multicellular clusters that ultimately became plants and animals. Just &lt;b&gt;how that happened is a question that has eluded evolutionary biologists&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WvW37ebSEyY/TxbLlVR5XcI/AAAAAAAAD98/r8yR8RhoXeY/s1600/Yeast+-+Dmitry+Knorre+-+Fotolia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WvW37ebSEyY/TxbLlVR5XcI/AAAAAAAAD98/r8yR8RhoXeY/s400/Yeast+-+Dmitry+Knorre+-+Fotolia.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 13px; text-align: left;"&gt;Yeast. (Credit: © Dmitry Knorre / Fotolia)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;em style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 13px; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;But scientists in the University of Minnesota's College of Biological Sciences have replicated that key step in the laboratory using natural selection and common brewer's yeast, which are single-celled organisms.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;The yeast "evolved" into multicellular clusters that work together cooperatively, reproduce and adapt to their environment -- in essence, precursors to life on Earth as it is today.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Their achievement is published in the January 16 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;It all started about two years ago with a casual comment over coffee that bridging the famous multi-cellularity gap would be "just about the coolest thing we could do," recall postdoctoral researcher Will Ratcliff and associate professor Michael Travisano, both from the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;So they decided to give it a try. Then came the big surprise. It wasn't actually that difficult. Using yeast cells, culture media and a centrifuge, it only took them one experiment conducted over about &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;60 days&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, says Travisano, who is senior author on the PNAS paper.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;"I don't think anyone had ever tried it before," says lead author Ratcliff. &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;"There aren't many scientists doing experimental evolution, and they're trying to answer questions about evolution, not recreate it."&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Despite their modesty, the achievement has earned praise and admiration from evolutionary biologists around the world.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;"To understand why the world is full of plants and animals, including humans, we need to know how one-celled organisms made the switch to living as a group, as multicelled organisms," &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;said Sam Scheiner, program director in the National Science Foundation (NSF)'s Division of Environmental Biology. &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;"This study is the first to experimentally observe that transition, providing a look at an event that took place hundreds of millions of years ago."&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Funding for the research was obtained in February 2011, with coauthors R. Ford Denison and Mark Borrello, adjunct and associate professors, respectively, in the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Ratcliff and Travisano gave the scientific community a glimpse of their discovery at a conference last summer and have subsequently been invited to talk about it at other meetings. The PNAS article represents the first time full details about the research have been disclosed. &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;"The article provides us with the first opportunity to show the breadth of evolutionary change that we've observed,"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Travisano says.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Read more here/Leia mais aqui: &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120117144330.htm"&gt;Science Daily&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Experimental evolution of multicellularity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;William C. Ratcliff&amp;nbsp;a,1,&amp;nbsp;R. Ford Denison&amp;nbsp;a,&amp;nbsp;Mark Borrello&amp;nbsp;a, and&amp;nbsp;Michael Travisano&amp;nbsp;a,b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;aDepartment of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;bBioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Edited&amp;nbsp;by Richard E. Lenski, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, and approved December 14, 2011 (received for review September 19, 2011)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Multicellularity was one of the most significant innovations in the history of life, but its initial evolution remains poorly understood.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Using experimental evolution, we show that key steps in this transition could have occurred quickly.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; We subjected the unicellular yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to an environment in which we expected multicellularity to be adaptive. We observed the rapid evolution of clustering genotypes that display a novel multicellular life history characterized by reproduction via multicellular propagules, a juvenile phase, and determinate growth. The multicellular clusters are uniclonal, minimizing within-cluster genetic conflicts of interest. Simple among-cell division of labor rapidly evolved. Early multicellular strains were composed of physiologically similar cells, but these subsequently evolved higher rates of programmed cell death (apoptosis), an adaptation that increases propagule production. &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;These results show that key aspects of multicellular complexity, a subject of central importance to biology, can readily evolve from unicellular eukaryotes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;complexity,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;cooperation,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;major transitions,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;individuality,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;macro evolution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Footnotes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:&lt;a href="mailto:ratcl009@umn.edu"&gt;ratcl009@umn.edu&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author contributions: W.C.R., R.F.D., and M.T. designed research; W.C.R. performed research; W.C.R., R.F.D., M.B., and M.T. analyzed data; and W.C.R., R.F.D., M.B., and M.T. wrote the paper.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The authors declare no conflict of interest.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;*This Direct Submission article had a prearranged editor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This article contains supporting information online at&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1115323109/-/DCSupplemental" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1115323109/-/DCSupplemental&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/01/10/1115323109.full.pdf+html?with-ds=yes"&gt;FREE FULL PDF COMPLETO GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-6559480053359578011?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/6559480053359578011'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/6559480053359578011'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/biologos-reproduzem-facilmente-um-passo.html' title='Biólogos reproduzem facilmente um passo evolucionário importante de 500 milhões de anos em apenas 60 dias'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WvW37ebSEyY/TxbLlVR5XcI/AAAAAAAAD98/r8yR8RhoXeY/s72-c/Yeast+-+Dmitry+Knorre+-+Fotolia.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-3385458640982028232</id><published>2012-01-18T11:27:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-18T11:27:37.803-02:00</updated><title type='text'>A evolução da complexidade recriada usando uma 'viagem do tempo molecular'???</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Evolution of Complexity Recreated Using 'Molecular Time Travel'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;ScienceDaily (Jan. 8, 2012) — Much of what living cells do is carried out by "molecular machines" -- physical complexes of specialized proteins working together to carry out some biological function. How the minute steps of evolution produced these constructions has long puzzled scientists, and provided a favorite target for creationists.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5ENVxYPfhr0/TxbDhakq1OI/AAAAAAAAD9s/_1NB5DvNFLQ/s1600/Rendering+of+DNA+-+Molecular+machines+-+Attila+N%25C3%25A9meth+-+Fotolia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="241" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5ENVxYPfhr0/TxbDhakq1OI/AAAAAAAAD9s/_1NB5DvNFLQ/s320/Rendering+of+DNA+-+Molecular+machines+-+Attila+N%25C3%25A9meth+-+Fotolia.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Rendering of DNA. Much of what living cells do is carried out by "molecular machines" -- physical complexes of specialized proteins working together to carry out some biological function. How the minute steps of evolution produced these constructions has long puzzled scientists, and provided a favorite target for creationists. (Credit: © Attila Németh / Fotolia)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;In a study published early online on January 8, in Nature, a team of scientists from the University of Chicago and the University of Oregon demonstrate how just a few small, high-probability mutations increased the complexity of a molecular machine more than 800 million years ago. By biochemically resurrecting ancient genes and testing their functions in modern organisms, the researchers showed that a new component was incorporated into the machine due to selective losses of function rather than the sudden appearance of new capabilities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;"Our strategy was to use 'molecular time travel' to reconstruct and experimentally characterize all the proteins in this molecular machine just before and after it increased in complexity," said the study's senior author Joe Thornton, PhD, professor of human genetics and evolution &amp;amp; ecology at the University of Chicago, professor of biology at the University of Oregon, and an Early Career Scientist of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;"By reconstructing the machine's components as they existed in the deep past," Thornton said, "we were able to establish exactly how each protein's function changed over time and identify the specific genetic mutations that caused the machine to become more elaborate."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The study -- a collaboration of Thornton's molecular evolution laboratory with the biochemistry research group of the University of Oregon's Tom Stevens, professor of chemistry and member of the Institute of Molecular Biology -- focused on a molecular complex called the V-ATPase proton pump, which helps maintain the proper acidity of compartments within the cell.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;One of the pump's major components is a ring that transports hydrogen ions across membranes. In most species, the ring is made up of a total of six copies of two different proteins, but in fungi a third type of protein has been incorporated into the complex.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;To understand how the ring increased in complexity, Thornton and his colleagues "resurrected" the ancestral versions of the ring proteins just before and just after the third subunit was incorporated. To do this, the researchers used a large cluster of computers to analyze the gene sequences of 139 modern-day ring proteins, tracing evolution backwards through time along the Tree of Life to identify the most likely ancestral sequences. They then used biochemical methods to synthesize those ancient genes and express them in modern yeast cells.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Thornton's research group has helped to pioneer this molecular time-travel approach for single genes; this is the first time it has been applied to all the components in a molecular machine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Read more here/Leia mais aqui: &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120108143559.htm"&gt;Science Daily&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Evolution of increased complexity in a molecular machine&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Gregory C. Finnigan,&amp;nbsp;Victor Hanson-Smith,&amp;nbsp;Tom H. Stevens&amp;nbsp;&amp;amp; Joseph W. Thornton&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Affiliations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Contributions&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Corresponding author&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nature (2012) doi:10.1038/nature10724&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Received 21 September 2011 Accepted 21 November 2011&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Published online 09 January 2012&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6WIWUvSwZJU/TxbGRjpvUWI/AAAAAAAAD90/1HXLvN0pqZc/s1600/nature10724-f1.2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="226" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6WIWUvSwZJU/TxbGRjpvUWI/AAAAAAAAD90/1HXLvN0pqZc/s400/nature10724-f1.2.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Many cellular processes are carried out by molecular ‘machines’—assemblies of multiple differentiated proteins that physically interact to execute biological functions&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10724.html#ref1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10724.html#ref2"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10724.html#ref3"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10724.html#ref4"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10724.html#ref5"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10724.html#ref6"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10724.html#ref7"&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10724.html#ref8"&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;. Despite much speculation, strong evidence of the mechanisms by which these assemblies evolved is lacking. Here we use ancestral gene resurrection&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10724.html#ref9"&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10724.html#ref10"&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10724.html#ref11"&gt;11&lt;/a&gt; and manipulative genetic experiments to determine how the complexity of an essential molecular machine—the hexameric transmembrane ring of the eukaryotic V-ATPase proton pump—increased hundreds of millions of years ago. We show that the ring of Fungi, which is composed of three paralogous proteins, evolved from a more ancient two-paralogue complex because of a gene duplication that was followed by loss in each daughter copy of specific interfaces by which it interacts with other ring proteins. These losses were complementary, so both copies became obligate components with restricted spatial roles in the complex. Reintroducing a single historical mutation from each paralogue lineage into the resurrected ancestral proteins is sufficient to recapitulate their asymmetric degeneration and trigger the requirement for the more elaborate three-component ring. Our experiments show that increased complexity in an essential molecular machine evolved because of simple, high-probability evolutionary processes, without the apparent evolution of novel functions. They point to a plausible mechanism for the evolution of complexity in other multi-paralogue protein complexes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;+++++&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Professores, pesquisadores e alunos de universidades públicas e privadas com acesso ao site &lt;a href="http://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/"&gt;CAPES/Periódicos&lt;/a&gt; podem ler gratuitamente este artigo da Nature e de mais 22.440 publicações científicas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;+++++&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;NOTA DESTE BLOGGER:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Esta pesquisa é uma tentativa de falsificar a complexidade irredutível de Michael Behe que respondeu prontamente com um artigo&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.evolutionnews.org/2012/01/a_blind_man_car055021.html"&gt;A Blind Man Carrying a Legless Man Can Safely Cross the Street: Experimentally Confirming the Limits to Darwinian Evolution&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/i&gt;[Um homem cego carregando um homem sem pernas pode atravessar a rua com segurança: confirmando experimentalmente os limites da evolução darwiniana].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-3385458640982028232?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/3385458640982028232'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/3385458640982028232'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/evolucao-da-complexidade-recriada.html' title='A evolução da complexidade recriada usando uma &apos;viagem do tempo molecular&apos;???'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5ENVxYPfhr0/TxbDhakq1OI/AAAAAAAAD9s/_1NB5DvNFLQ/s72-c/Rendering+of+DNA+-+Molecular+machines+-+Attila+N%25C3%25A9meth+-+Fotolia.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-3636400515235436908</id><published>2012-01-18T10:14:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-18T10:46:56.076-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Macroevolução: a dinâmica da diversidade</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Current Biology, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.cell.com/current-biology/issue?pii=S0960-9822(11)X0024-6" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Volume 21, Issue 24&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;, R1000-R1001, 20 December 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Macroevolution: Dynamics of Diversity&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Authors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Douglas H. Erwin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Summary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;The fossil record typically exhibits very dynamic patterns of innovation, diversification and extinction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;In contrast, molecular phylogenies suggest smoother patterns of evolutionary change.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Several new studies reconcile this difference and reveal more about the mechanisms behind macroevolutionary change.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Professores, pesquisadores e alunos de universidades públicas e privadas com acesso ao site &lt;a href="http://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/"&gt;CAPES/Periódicos&lt;/a&gt; podem ler gratuitamente este artigo da Current Biology e de mais 22.440 publicações científicas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;NOTA DESTE BLOGGER:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Erwin tenta resolver a “tension between microevolutionists and macroevolutionists” [tensão entre os microevolucionistas e macroevolucionistas]. Uma tensão que perdura há muito tempo em ciência.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Cientistas que defendem o microevolucionismo podem lidar com este aspecto nos laboratórios (como revelam 99.99% das pesquisas e artigos publicados demonstrando o fato, Fato, FATO da evolução.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Os cientistas que defendem o macroevolucionismo procuram essas provas nos fósseis.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Erwin afirma que “Several recent papers now shed new light on macroevolutionary processes” [Diversos artigos recentes lançaram nova luz sobre os processos macroevolucionários].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Então, quais são as trevas epistêmicas nas quais nós nos encontramos? Erwin nos conduz pelo caminho:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;“&lt;b&gt;The discrepancy&lt;/b&gt; between plots of the diversity of taxa through time as inferred from molecular phylogenies and those based on counts documented by the fossil record &lt;b&gt;has long been troubling, largely because&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;molecular phylogenies appear to underestimate the frequency of extinction&lt;/b&gt;.”&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;“Punctuations Are Not Passé.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“Their analysis supports &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;a model of rare bursts of extensive evolutionary change in a sea of shorter-term fluctuations&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;"The &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;bursts of evolutionary change over longer timescales remain to be explained&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; but &lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;could reflect episodic changes in the optimal adaptive phenotype as the environment changes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, as the authors suggest, &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;the construction of new ecological environments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, or &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;the longer waiting time for significant developmental innovations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;"In each of these papers [2,3,4] the results document &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;a greater range of evolutionary processes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, including &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;great differences in origin and extinction rates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;in different clades through time, bursts of phenotypic change interrupting intervals of greater phenotypic quiescence&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, and a &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;structuring of the developmental sources of evolutionary change&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Será que finalmente o fato, Fato, FATO da tensão entre a microevolução e a macroevolução foi realmente resolvido &amp;nbsp; nessas pesquisas mencionadas por Erwin?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eu continuo cético.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-3636400515235436908?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/3636400515235436908'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/3636400515235436908'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/macroevolucao-dinamica-da-diversidade.html' title='Macroevolução: a dinâmica da diversidade'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-6464169112378431807</id><published>2012-01-18T10:04:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-18T10:04:06.866-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Células-tronco sofrem mudanças cromossômicas depois de longo tempo em cultura</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Células-tronco sofrem mudanças cromossômicas depois de longo tempo em cultura&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;18/01/2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Por Fábio de Castro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Agência FAPESP – Quando são mantidas por longo tempo em cultura, as células-tronco embrionárias humanas apresentam alterações cromossômicas que podem comprometer as condições ideais para aplicações terapêuticas, de acordo com um amplo estudo internacional realizado com participação brasileira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A pesquisa, que foi capa da edição de dezembro da revista Nature Biotechnology, analisou 125 linhagens de células-tronco embrionárias humanas e 11 linhagens de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas. O objetivo era identificar possíveis mudanças genéticas em culturas in vitro ao longo do tempo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nFiFs5O3fto/Txa0k8eK61I/AAAAAAAAD9c/_CBrm5N_kT8/s1600/foto_boletim15051_3+C%25C3%25A9lulas-tronco+an%25C3%25A1lise.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="249" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nFiFs5O3fto/Txa0k8eK61I/AAAAAAAAD9c/_CBrm5N_kT8/s320/foto_boletim15051_3+C%25C3%25A9lulas-tronco+an%25C3%25A1lise.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Pesquisa internacional, com participação de grupo da USP, analisou 125 linhagens produzidas em 38 laboratórios. Trabalho foi publicado na Nature Biotechnology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O trabalho foi coordenado pela International Stem Cell Initiative (ISCI), que envolve 38 laboratórios de todo o mundo, incluindo o Laboratório Nacional de Células-tronco Embrionárias (LaNCE), do Instituto de Biociências (IB) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), coordenado por Lygia da Veiga Pereira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O grupo do LaNCE obteve, em 2008, a primeira linhagem de células-tronco desenvolvida na América Latina, a BR-1, cujas amostras foram agora utilizadas no estudo da ISCI. Além de Pereira, o estudo teve a participação de sua orientanda Ana Fraga, que cursa doutorado no ICB-USP com&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.bv.fapesp.br/pt/bolsas/109417/celulas-tronco-embrionarias-humanas-modelo"&gt;Bolsa da FAPESP&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Segundo Fraga, a maior parte das linhagens permanecia normal por algum tempo, em relação ao cariótipo, o conjunto de cromossomos. Mas, ao longo de um período de seis meses em cultura, as células apresentaram uma tendência progressiva a adquirir modificações, afetando os cromossomos 1, 12, 17 e 20.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“Nem todos os genes envolvidos nessas alterações cromossômicas são conhecidos. Mas sabemos que o cromossomo 20, por exemplo, tem um gene importante relacionado à morte celular. Será preciso testar, a partir de agora, até que ponto essas modificações poderiam gerar efeitos colaterais em aplicações terapêuticas”, disse à Agência FAPESP.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;De acordo com a pesquisadora, já se sabia que as células cultivadas apresentam alguma instabilidade, passível de comprometer sua aplicação em terapias. Mas pela primeira vez as mudanças cromossômicas em células mantidas em cultura por longo tempo foram confirmadas por um estudo robusto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“A vantagem deste estudo é que ele reuniu análises de mais de uma centena de linhagens de células-tronco embrionárias provenientes de diferentes origens étnicas. E tudo isso foi realizado de forma muito rigorosa, sob os mesmos parâmetros, no mesmo laboratório, com os mesmos protocolos de pesquisa e mesma metodologia”, disse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Fraga explica que o DNA extraído de células das linhagens das várias partes do mundo, incluindo a BR-1, foi enviado para análises epigenéticas em Cingapura. Um lote de células congeladas seguiu para o Reino Unido, para a realização de análises citogenéticas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Existe a possibilidade de que as alterações sejam selecionadas pelas atuais condições de cultivo das células. “Essa hipótese será testada em estudos futuros. As modificações, no entanto, não significam necessariamente que o cultivo inviabilize as aplicações terapêuticas das linhagens”, disse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Aplicação e efeitos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Ao cultivar células-tronco embrionárias humanas, os cientistas “imitam” a metodologia utilizada para a análise de linhagens de células de camundongos. O que os estudos mais recentes estão mostrando, segundo Fraga, é que as células humanas não se comportam exatamente como as células murinas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“Quando fazemos um modelo animal, as variações podem não fazer tanta diferença para o experimento. Mas em células humanas precisamos nos aproximar o máximo possível das condições in vivo, pois os resultados serão aplicados em terapias”, disse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“Por isso, há uma preocupação com as alterações que observamos, mas acho que os resultados não são alarmantes, nem significam que a aplicação terapêutica dessas células terá de fato efeitos colaterais. Apenas confirmamos que é preciso aprofundar os estudos sobre soluções ideais para o cultivo de células-tronco embrionárias”, completou.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;O artigo &lt;i&gt;Screening ethnically diverse human embryonic stem cells identifies a chromosome 20 minimal amplicon conferring growth advantage&lt;/i&gt;, de Lygia Pereira, Ana Fraga e outros, pode ser lido por assinantes da Nature Biotechnology em&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v29/n12/full/nbt.2051.html"&gt;www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v29/n12/full/nbt.2051.html&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Professores, pesquisadores e alunos de universidades públicas e privadas com acesso ao site &lt;a href="http://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/"&gt;CAPES/Periódicos&lt;/a&gt; podem ler gratuitamente o artigo da Nature e de mais 22.440 publicações científicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-6464169112378431807?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/6464169112378431807'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/6464169112378431807'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/celulas-tronco-sofrem-mudancas.html' title='Células-tronco sofrem mudanças cromossômicas depois de longo tempo em cultura'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nFiFs5O3fto/Txa0k8eK61I/AAAAAAAAD9c/_CBrm5N_kT8/s72-c/foto_boletim15051_3+C%25C3%25A9lulas-tronco+an%25C3%25A1lise.gif' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-8862735979038009176</id><published>2012-01-18T09:50:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-18T09:50:59.173-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Descoberto o mais recente grande macaco europeu</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Most Recent European Great Ape Discovered&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;ScienceDaily (Jan. 13, 2012) — Based on a hominid molar, scientists from Germany, Bulgaria and France have documented that great apes survived in Europe in savannah-like landscapes until seven million years ago.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AwQODlnO2B8/TxavMOljEQI/AAAAAAAAD9U/h39oC5HQNA8/s1600/Professor+Madelaine+B%25C3%25B6hme+%2528right%2529+and+geologist+Philipe+Havlik+at+the+archeological+site+near+Chirpan-Bulgaria.+Prof.+Madelaine+B%25C3%25B6hme.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AwQODlnO2B8/TxavMOljEQI/AAAAAAAAD9U/h39oC5HQNA8/s400/Professor+Madelaine+B%25C3%25B6hme+%2528right%2529+and+geologist+Philipe+Havlik+at+the+archeological+site+near+Chirpan-Bulgaria.+Prof.+Madelaine+B%25C3%25B6hme.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Professor Madelaine Böhme (right) and geologist Philipe Havlik at the archeological site near Chirpan/Bulgaria. (Credit: Image courtesy of Prof. Madelaine Böhme)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A seven million year old pre-molar of a hominid discovered near the Bulgarian town of Chirpan documents that great apes survived longer in Europe than previously believed. An international team of scientists from the Bulgarian Academy of Science, the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Madelaine Böhme from the Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment at the University of Tübingen was involved in the project. The new discovery may cause a revision in our understanding of some major steps in hominid evolution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;To date scientists have assumed that great apes went extinct in Europe at least 9 million years ago because of changing climatic and environmental conditions. Under the direction of Nikolai Spassov from the National Museum of Natural Science in Sofia, Bulgaria, the molar was discovered in Upper Miocene fluvial sediments near Chirpan. The morphology and the great thickness of the tooth enamel point to a hominid fossil. The age of the fossiliferous sands at 7 million years reveals the fossil to be most recent known great ape from continental Europe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Until now, the most recent fossil was that of a 9.2 million year old specimen of Ouranopithecus macedonensis from Greece. Hominids therefore were thought to have disappeared from Europe prior to 9 million years ago. At this time, European terrestrial ecosystems had been changed from mostly evergreen and lush forests to savannah-like landscapes with a seasonal climate. It had been thought that great apes, which typically consume fruits, were unable to survive this change due to a seasonal deficiency of fruits.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Read more here/Leia mais aqui: &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120113210347.htm"&gt;ScienceDaily&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Journal of Human Evolution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Vol. 62 Issue, January 2012, Pages 138-145&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A hominid tooth from Bulgaria: The last pre-human hominid of continental Europe&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Original Research Article&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Pages 138-145&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;N. Spassov, D. Geraads, L. Hristova, G.N. Markov, G. Merceron, T. Tzankov, K. Stoyanov, M. Böhme, A. Dimitrova&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A hominid upper premolar was discovered in the Azmaka quarry, near Chirpan (Bulgaria). The associated fauna, especially the co-occurrence of Choerolophodon and Anancus among the proboscideans, and Cremohipparion matthewi and Hippotherium brachypus among the hipparions, constrains the age of the locality to the second half of the middle Turolian (ca. 7 Ma), making it the latest pre-human hominid of continental Europe and Asia Minor. The available morphological and metric data are more similar to those of Ouranopithecus from the Vallesian of Greece than to those of the early to middle Turolian hominids of Turkey and Georgia, but the time gap speaks against a direct phyletic link, and Turolian migration from the east cannot be rejected.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.wahre-staerke.com/~madelaine/2011_Spassov_etal.pdf"&gt;FREE PREPRINT PDF NO PRELO GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-8862735979038009176?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/8862735979038009176'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/8862735979038009176'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/descoberto-o-mais-recente-grande-macaco.html' title='Descoberto o mais recente grande macaco europeu'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AwQODlnO2B8/TxavMOljEQI/AAAAAAAAD9U/h39oC5HQNA8/s72-c/Professor+Madelaine+B%25C3%25B6hme+%2528right%2529+and+geologist+Philipe+Havlik+at+the+archeological+site+near+Chirpan-Bulgaria.+Prof.+Madelaine+B%25C3%25B6hme.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-8382238313212860995</id><published>2012-01-18T09:33:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-18T09:33:59.750-02:00</updated><title type='text'>FAPESP receberá solicitações de Bolsa de Mestrado em fluxo contínuo em 2012</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://agencia.fapesp.br/15052"&gt;FAPESP receberá solicitações de Bolsa de Mestrado em fluxo contínuo em 2012&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;18/01/2012&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Agência FAPESP – A partir de 6 de fevereiro de 2012, as solicitações de Bolsas de Mestrado da FAPESP poderão ser submetidas em fluxo contínuo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;As sessões de Análise Comparativa para seleção de propostas de Bolsas de Mestrado serão realizadas mensalmente – exceto no mês de janeiro em virtude das férias coletivas da FAPESP –, em vez de serem realizadas duas vezes por ano como ocorria até 2011.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OoO2tx_NMlI/TxauBGlngCI/AAAAAAAAD9M/tHyH7FtY5JQ/s1600/foto_boletim15052_1+Lab+technician+at+work.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="232" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OoO2tx_NMlI/TxauBGlngCI/AAAAAAAAD9M/tHyH7FtY5JQ/s320/foto_boletim15052_1+Lab+technician+at+work.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Início das submissões será em 6 de fevereiro. Sessões de Análise Comparativa para seleção de propostas serão realizadas mensalmente (FAPESP)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Com isso, a FAPESP espera uma maior rapidez na tramitação dessas solicitações, ao mesmo tempo em que se mantém a possibilidade da comparação com qualidade entre as solicitações em cada lote de análise.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;A análise continuará usando pareceres de assessoria, analisados em sessões (agora mensais) de Análise Comparativa nas Coordenações de Área e Coordenação Adjunta.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Quando o sistema entrar em regime estacionário, espera-se que o prazo para análise seja similar àquele praticado para o caso das solicitações de doutorado, que foi de 74 dias em 2011 – este é um prazo médio, não devendo ser usado como prazo máximo, e não deve ser entendido que a solicitação deve ser feita 74 dias antes da data em que se deseja a bolsa.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Como já vem sendo feito desde 2009, as solicitações deverão ser realizadas exclusivamente por meio do Sistema de Apoio a Gestão (SAGe).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;As instruções completas para a apresentação de propostas de Bolsas de Mestrado estão disponíveis em &lt;a href="http://www.fapesp.br/bolsas/ms"&gt;www.fapesp.br/bolsas/ms&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Para o preenchimento dos formulários eletrônicos recomenda-se consultar o Manual SAGe para Submissão de Propostas de Mestrado:&lt;a href="http://www.fapesp.br/bolsas/mestrado/manualsage_ms.pdf"&gt;www.fapesp.br/bolsas/mestrado/manualsage_ms.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"&gt;Devido à mudança na tramitação, será necessário que os interessados que elaboraram propostas no SAGe antes de 27/12/2011 às 15h, bem como aqueles interessados em submeter solicitações de reconsideração, alterem no SAGe a linha de fomento/divulgação de suas propostas – ver as seções: "Alterando a linha de fomento/divulgação de uma proposta para Fluxo Contínuo - Cópia de Proposta" ou "Alterando a linha de fomento/divulgação de uma proposta para Fluxo Contínuo – Reconsideração", respectivamente, do Manual SAGe, no endereço especificado acima.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-8382238313212860995?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/8382238313212860995'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/8382238313212860995'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/fapesp-recebera-solicitacoes-de-bolsa.html' title='FAPESP receberá solicitações de Bolsa de Mestrado em fluxo contínuo em 2012'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OoO2tx_NMlI/TxauBGlngCI/AAAAAAAAD9M/tHyH7FtY5JQ/s72-c/foto_boletim15052_1+Lab+technician+at+work.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-1053144669519845662</id><published>2012-01-18T09:27:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-18T09:27:20.818-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Calibrando o tempo da Terra através do trabalho de equipe e cooperação</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zu0KEqYDBy8/TxarOrXD3yI/AAAAAAAAD88/QsHKAhk5DOs/s1600/EarthTime+header1copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="72" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zu0KEqYDBy8/TxarOrXD3yI/AAAAAAAAD88/QsHKAhk5DOs/s400/EarthTime+header1copy.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gg2FMs7ZkgU/TxaraZh8i2I/AAAAAAAAD9E/1KdX5-N0LTI/s1600/main4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="203" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gg2FMs7ZkgU/TxaraZh8i2I/AAAAAAAAD9E/1KdX5-N0LTI/s400/main4.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;About EARTHTIME&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;EARTHTIME is an organized, community-based &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.earth-time.org/international.html" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;international&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;scientific initiative aimed at sequencing Earth history through the integration of high-precision geochronology and quantitative chronostratigraphy. Our main goal is the development of the geochronological techniques necessary to produce temporal constraints with uncertainties approaching 0.1 percent of the radioisotopic ages.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;There are many fundamental problems in Earth's history that can be addressed with a highly-resolved, calibrated time scale because temporal relations are often keys to causality arguments in Earth history, and our understanding of these processes depends on precise knowledge of both dates and rates. For example, a better calibrated time scale will provide insight into biological evolution, adaptive radiations, extinctions and recoveries, climate change, catastrophes, and a better understanding of how Earth as a complete system evolved. Additionally, a deeper appreciation of the importance of geological time and the timescales at which biologic and climatic processes occur is crucial for our continued stewardship of Earth.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;In addition to new laboratory and machine procedures, EARTHTIME's goals for improving the precision of uranium-lead geochronology also depend on developing robust software systems for data-handling. The Cyber Infrastructure and Development Lab for the Earth Sciences (&lt;a href="http://cirdles.org/"&gt;CIRDLES.org&lt;/a&gt;) is leading this effort on behalf of EARTHTIME. &lt;a href="http://cirdles.org/"&gt;CIRDLES.org&lt;/a&gt; develops open source software and provides community forums to support EARTHTIME and EarthChem. The software packages "Tripoli" and "U-Pb_Redux" currently support ID-TIMS. Software support for LA-ICP MS is under development.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Most of the research opportunities that EARTHTIME provides require unprecedented community-wide cooperation and collaboration. You can see some possibilities &lt;a href="http://www.earth-time.org/intro.html"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt; or view a graphic that illustrates &lt;a href="http://www.earth-time.org/intro.html"&gt;an example&lt;/a&gt; of what can be done.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.earth-time.org/"&gt;EARTHTIME&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-1053144669519845662?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1053144669519845662'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1053144669519845662'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/calibrando-o-tempo-da-terra-atraves-do.html' title='Calibrando o tempo da Terra através do trabalho de equipe e cooperação'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zu0KEqYDBy8/TxarOrXD3yI/AAAAAAAAD88/QsHKAhk5DOs/s72-c/EarthTime+header1copy.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-9215130121260590513</id><published>2012-01-18T09:15:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-18T09:15:01.681-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Unesp abre concursos para docentes</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://agencia.fapesp.br/15054"&gt;Unesp abre concursos para docentes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;18/01/2012&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Agência FAPESP – A Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) está com inscrições abertas para concursos públicos para contratação de docentes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;São cinco oportunidades para professores assistentes doutores, sendo uma para Regime de Turno Completo (RTC), referência MS-3, com salário de R$ 3.612,91, e quatro em Regime de Dedicação Integral à Docência e à Pesquisa (RDIDP), com salário correspondente a R$ 8.211,02.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Z2O2B7xAnmc/TxappPyspSI/AAAAAAAAD80/-svQyB_o_64/s1600/foto_boletim15054_1+Unesp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="290" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Z2O2B7xAnmc/TxappPyspSI/AAAAAAAAD80/-svQyB_o_64/s400/foto_boletim15054_1+Unesp.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;São cinco oportunidades para professores assistentes doutores em Botucatu, Assis e Ilha Solteira. Salários de R$ 3.612,91 a R$ 8.211,02 (Unesp)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A Faculdade de Medicina, campus de Botucatu, está contratando dois professores. O &lt;a href="http://www.fmb.unesp.br/sta/docs/Edital001-2012.pdf"&gt;Edital nº 001/2012&lt;/a&gt; refere-se ao conjunto de disciplinas Patologia Geral e Anatomia Patológica Geral no Departamento de Patologia. As inscrições estão abertas até 20 de fevereiro.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Já o &lt;a href="http://www.fmb.unesp.br/sta/docs/Edital002-2012.pdf"&gt;Edital nº 002/2012&lt;/a&gt; se destina à disciplina Medicina Nuclear junto ao Departamento de Doenças Tropicais e Diagnóstico por Imagem. As inscrições vão até 14 de fevereiro.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, campus de Assis, está com inscrições abertas até 2 de fevereiro para duas vagas de professor assistente doutor. O &lt;a href="http://www.assis.unesp.br/concursos/Edital%20209-2011.pdf"&gt;Edital nº 209/2011&lt;/a&gt; é direcionado para as disciplinas Língua Japonesa I a VII e Língua Japonesa I a IV.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;O &lt;a href="http://www.assis.unesp.br/concursos/Edital%20205-2011.pdf"&gt;Edital nº 205/2011&lt;/a&gt; diz respeito a uma vaga de professor assistente para o conjunto de disciplinas Desenho Básico, Geometria Analítica e Álgebra Linear no Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. As inscrições serão encerradas em 1º de fevereiro.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira busca um professor assistente. O &lt;a href="http://www.feis.unesp.br/unidade/dta/sta/concurso/docente/Edital002-DEC-Cargo-Mecanica-de-Solos-I-e-II.pdf"&gt;Edital nº 002/2012&lt;/a&gt;é voltado para as disciplinas Mecânica de Solos I e II do Departamento de Engenharia Civil. As inscrições devem ser feitas até 30 de março.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;De acordo com a Unesp, a instituição investirá em 2012 R$ 41,8 milhões em novas contratações de 200 docentes e 200 servidores técnico-administrativos. Será o quarto ano consecutivo em que a universidade destinará recursos para a recomposição do quadro de pessoal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-9215130121260590513?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/9215130121260590513'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/9215130121260590513'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/unesp-abre-concursos-para-docentes.html' title='Unesp abre concursos para docentes'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Z2O2B7xAnmc/TxappPyspSI/AAAAAAAAD80/-svQyB_o_64/s72-c/foto_boletim15054_1+Unesp.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-7383390662181443389</id><published>2012-01-17T10:47:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-17T11:09:44.502-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Preservação de fósseis de baleias implica em uma taxa alta de acumulação de diatomito na Formação Pisco do Mioceno-Plioceno do Peru</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Fossil whale preservation implies high diatom accumulation rate in the Miocene–Pliocene Pisco Formation of Peru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;eonard R. Brand*1,&amp;nbsp;Raúl Esperante*2,&amp;nbsp;Arthur V. Chadwick*3,&amp;nbsp;Orlando Poma Porras*4 and&amp;nbsp;Merling Alomía*4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;1Department of Natural Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;2Geoscience Research Institute, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;3Biology Department, Southwestern Adventist University, Keene, Texas 76059, USA&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;4 Universidad Peruana Unión, Carretera Central, km. 19, Ñaña, Lima, Peru&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HtCTQhODRzc/TxVtuJgPfJI/AAAAAAAAD8k/rCivEhda-20/s1600/fern+exc+web.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="293" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HtCTQhODRzc/TxVtuJgPfJI/AAAAAAAAD8k/rCivEhda-20/s400/fern+exc+web.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Diatomaceous deposits in the Miocene–Pliocene Pisco Formation contain abundant whales preserved in pristine condition (bones articulated or at least closely associated), in some cases including preserved baleen. The well-preserved whales indicate rapid burial. The 346 whales within ∼1.5 km2 of surveyed surface were not buried as an event, but were distributed uninterrupted through an 80-m-thick sedimentary section. The diatomaceous sediment lacks repeating primary laminations, but instead is mostly massive, with irregular laminations and speckles. There is no evidence for bioturbation by invertebrates in the whale-bearing sediment. Current depositional models do not account for the volume of diatomaceous sediments or the taphonomic features of the whales. These taphonomic and sedimentary features suggest that rapid burial due to high diatom accumulation, in part by lateral advection into protected, shallow embayments, is responsible for the superb preservation of these whales, leading to a higher upper limit on phytoplankton accumulation rates than previously documented.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7DN8AApHQHA/TxVxA0DMISI/AAAAAAAAD8s/6fvga4twmyU/s1600/leo+%2526+fernanda+web.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7DN8AApHQHA/TxVxA0DMISI/AAAAAAAAD8s/6fvga4twmyU/s400/leo+%2526+fernanda+web.jpg" width="333" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;taphonomy,&amp;nbsp;diatoms,&amp;nbsp;Pisco Formation,&amp;nbsp;Miocene,&amp;nbsp;Pliocene, Cetacea,&amp;nbsp;sedimentation rates&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Footnotes&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;* &lt;a href="mailto:lbrandns.llu.edu"&gt;lbrand@ns.llu.edu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Accepted November 10, 2003.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Received August 1, 2003.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Revision received October 29, 2003.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Geological Society of America&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://resweb.llu.edu/lbrand/pdf/fossil_whale_preservation_implies_high_diatom_accumulation_rate_in_the_miocene%E2%80%93pliocene_pisco_formation_of_peru.pdf"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt; Dr. Leonard Brand personal University website&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-7383390662181443389?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/7383390662181443389'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/7383390662181443389'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/preservacao-de-fosseis-de-baleias.html' title='Preservação de fósseis de baleias implica em uma taxa alta de acumulação de diatomito na Formação Pisco do Mioceno-Plioceno do Peru'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HtCTQhODRzc/TxVtuJgPfJI/AAAAAAAAD8k/rCivEhda-20/s72-c/fern+exc+web.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-6727292769673453549</id><published>2012-01-17T08:19:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-17T08:30:21.561-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Espécie de abelha tem soldados especializados</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://agencia.fapesp.br/15039"&gt;Espécie de abelha tem soldados especializados&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;17/01/2012 Por Karina Toledo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Agência FAPESP – Uma nova pesquisa acaba de revelar que entre as abelhas jataí (Tetragonisca angustula) existem indivíduos adaptados fisicamente para desempenhar ao longo da vida uma única função: defender a colmeia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Até então, os cientistas achavam que a divisão de tarefas nas colônias fosse baseada apenas na idade das abelhas e que todas, com exceção da rainha, desempenhassem os mais diferentes papéis. O estudo, feito por cientistas do Brasil e do Reino Unido, foi publicado na revista Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9mtE1_fScD8/TxVK_lJgOwI/AAAAAAAAD8Y/Uh-wE73qTR8/s1600/foto_boletim15039_1+Formiga+soldado.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="275" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9mtE1_fScD8/TxVK_lJgOwI/AAAAAAAAD8Y/Uh-wE73qTR8/s400/foto_boletim15039_1+Formiga+soldado.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Cientistas estimavam que apenas formigas e cupins teriam indivíduos adaptados para desempenhar exclusivamente a função de defesa. Estudo de pesquisadores do Brasil e do Reino Unido foi publicado na PNAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“Entre formigas e cupins a existência de castas especializadas e fisicamente adaptadas a uma determinada função é bem conhecida e descrita na literatura. Mas entre abelhas isso é um fato novo”, disse Cristiano Menezes, pesquisador da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental e um dos autores do artigo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A pesquisa, feita em parceria com pesquisadores da Universidade de Sussex, é um desdobramento do Projeto Temático &lt;a href="http://www.bv.fapesp.br/pt/projetos-tematicos/1025/biodiversidade-uso-sustentavel-polinizadores-enfase/"&gt;"Biodiversidade e uso sustentável de polinizadores, com ênfase em abelhas Meliponini"&lt;/a&gt;, realizado no âmbito do Programa BIOTA-FAPESP e coordenado pela professora Vera Lúcia Imperatriz Fonseca, do Instituto de Biociências da USP.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“Fazíamos outra pesquisa com abelhas jataí para tentar descobrir como elas identificam se um indivíduo pertence ou não à colônia. Foi quando notamos que as guardas eram bem maiores que as outras. Foi chocante, pois a diferença era perceptível a olho nu”, contou Menezes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Testes de laboratório não só confirmaram que as abelhas soldados eram 30% mais pesadas do que as forrageiras – encarregadas de buscar alimento – como também revelaram diferenças morfológicas entre as duas castas. “Vimos que as forrageiras possuem a cabeça maior, enquanto as guardas têm pernas mais desenvolvidas. Verificamos ainda diferenças no tamanho do tórax e das asas, porém menos significativas”, disse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Essas variações físicas, possivelmente, estão ligadas às atividades que cada abelha executa. Como as forrageiras saem da colônia em busca de alimento e precisam memorizar o caminho de volta, necessitam de um cérebro mais desenvolvido. Já os soldados se valem das pernas maiores para atacar o inimigo e imobilizá-lo com própolis. “Novas pesquisas são necessárias para confirmar essa hipótese”, disse Menezes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Os pesquisadores também verificaram que há uma subdivisão entre as abelhas soldados. Uma parte guarda a entrada da colônia enquanto outra fica sobrevoando o local e monitora a chegada de inimigos. Ao todo, a casta representa apenas 1% da colônia – entre 30 e 50 indivíduos –, número suficiente para atender a demanda por defesa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Rivais&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;As chamadas abelhas ladras, como as da espécie iratim (Lestrimelitta limao), são as principais ameaças para as jataís. Esses insetos costumam invadir as colmeias de outras espécies para roubar mel, pólen, alimento das larvas e até cera. Mas, como os próprios pesquisadores ressaltam no artigo, embora as jataís sejam abelhas sem ferrão, não são indefesas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Na segunda etapa da pesquisa, os cientistas analisaram como esses soldados se comportavam diante do ataque de uma abelha ladra. “Com uma pinça especial, pegávamos uma iratim e colocávamos na frente da colônia de jataís. Em instantes as guardas que sobrevoavam a colmeia mordiam a asa da invasora, impedindo-a temporariamente de voar”, contou Menezes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Como as abelhas invasoras eram maiores e mais fortes que a jataí, geralmente conseguiam levar a melhor. Mas, quanto maior era a guarda, mais tempo durava a briga e mais tempo a colônia tinha para se preparar para a invasão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Quando a chegada das inimigas era notada com bastante antecedência, contou o pesquisador, as abelhas soldados conseguiam até evitar a pilhagem. Para isso, bloqueavam a entrada da colmeia com resinas, deixando todas as abelhas confinadas por dois dias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;“Nossa hipótese é que os ataques sucessivos de abelhas ladras foram a grande força evolutiva que fez as jataís desenvolverem uma casta especializada em defesa”&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, disse Menezes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Mas essa diferenciação física, ressaltou o pesquisador, também tem um custo. “Indivíduos muito especializados não conseguem desempenhar outras tarefas se necessário. Não conseguem atuar como forrageiras, por exemplo, para atender a necessidades momentâneas da colônia”, explicou.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Até onde se sabe, o caso das jataís é único entre as abelhas. Nas demais espécies, a divisão de trabalho é baseada na idade das abelhas, o que os cientistas chamam de polietismo etário.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;As operárias mais novas desempenham funções internas, como produzir e manipular a cera, limpar favos, produzir células onde serão abrigadas as larvas, manipular o lixo internamente. Após certa idade, assumem funções externas. Primeiro levam o lixo para fora da colmeia e, por último, tornam-se guardas e forrageiras.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“As funções mais arriscadas são as últimas, pois, se as abelhas morrerem, já desempenharam todas as outras. A perda é menor para a colônia”, explicou Menezes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Muito comum no interior de São Paulo, as abelhas jataí pertencem à tribo Meliponini, também conhecidas como abelhas sem ferrão. Essa tribo foi foco do Projeto Temático coordenado por Imperatriz-Fonseca e concluído em 2010.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A morphologically specialized soldier caste improves colony defense in a neotropical eusocial bee&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Christoph Grüter&amp;nbsp;a,1,2,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Cristiano Menezes&amp;nbsp;b,1,3,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Vera L. Imperatriz-Fonseca&amp;nbsp;b,4, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Francis L. W. Ratnieks&amp;nbsp;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;aLaboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9QG, United Kingdom; and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;bFaculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto–University of São Paulo, Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Edited&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;by Gene E. Robinson, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, and approved December 8, 2011 (received for review August 15, 2011)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Division of labor among workers is common in insect societies and is thought to be important in their ecological success. In most species, division of labor is based on age (temporal castes), but workers in some ants and termites show morphological specialization for particular tasks (physical castes). Large-headed soldier ants and termites are well-known examples of this specialization. However, until now there has been no equivalent example of physical worker subcastes in social bees or wasps. Here we provide evidence for a physical soldier subcaste in a bee. In the neotropical stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula, nest defense is performed by two groups of guards, one hovering near the nest entrance and the other standing on the wax entrance tube. We show that both types of guards are 30% heavier than foragers and of different shape; foragers have relatively larger heads, whereas guards have larger legs. Low variation within each subcaste results in negligible size overlap between guards and foragers, further indicating that they are distinct physical castes. In addition, workers that remove garbage from the nest are of intermediate size, suggesting that they might represent another unrecognized caste. Guards or soldiers are reared in low but sufficient numbers (1–2% of emerging workers), considering that &amp;lt;1% usually perform this task. When challenged by the obligate robber bee Lestrimelitta limao, an important natural enemy, larger workers were able to fight for longer before being defeated by the much larger robber. This discovery opens up opportunities for the comparative study of physical castes in social insects, including the question of why soldiers appear to be so much rarer in bees than in ants or termites.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Meliponini,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;caste evolution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Footnotes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;1C.G. and C.M. contributed equally to this work.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;2To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:&lt;a href="mailto:cg213@sussex.ac.uk"&gt;cg213@sussex.ac.uk&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;3Present address: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, PA, Brazil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;4Present address: Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author contributions: C.G., C.M., and F.L.W.R. designed research; C.G. and C.M. performed research; C.G. analyzed data; and C.G., C.M., V.L.I.-F., and F.L.W.R. wrote the paper.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;The authors declare no conflict of interest.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;*This Direct Submission article had a prearranged editor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This article contains supporting information online at&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1113398109/-/DCSupplemental" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas.1113398109/-/DCSupplemental&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Professores, pesquisadores e alunos de universidades públicas e privadas com acesso ao site &lt;a href="http://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/"&gt;CAPES/Periódicos&lt;/a&gt; podem ler gratuitamente este artigo do PNAS &amp;nbsp;e de mais 22.440 publicações científicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-6727292769673453549?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/6727292769673453549'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/6727292769673453549'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/especie-de-abelha-tem-soldados.html' title='Espécie de abelha tem soldados especializados'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9mtE1_fScD8/TxVK_lJgOwI/AAAAAAAAD8Y/Uh-wE73qTR8/s72-c/foto_boletim15039_1+Formiga+soldado.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-6954347715931554906</id><published>2012-01-16T18:50:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-16T20:55:39.781-02:00</updated><title type='text'>O que a Nomenklatura científica fará para livrar a cara de Darwin da vergonha epistêmica com a Síntese Evolutiva Ampliada em 2020???</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CBFQHAk69BU/TxSLTpvXzCI/AAAAAAAAD8Q/3wSQO3cvdtg/s1600/A-Rabbit-Next-to-a-Magician%25E2%2580%2599s-Hat-iStockphoto.comcraftvision.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="332" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CBFQHAk69BU/TxSLTpvXzCI/AAAAAAAAD8Q/3wSQO3cvdtg/s400/A-Rabbit-Next-to-a-Magician%25E2%2580%2599s-Hat-iStockphoto.comcraftvision.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://michaelhyatt.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/A-Rabbit-Next-to-a-Magician%E2%80%99s-Hat-Photo-courtesy-of-%C2%A9iStockphoto.comcraftvision-Image-6580603iStock_000006580603Small.jpg"&gt;iStockphoto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A nova teoria geral da evolução - a Síntese Evolutiva Ampliada (que não será selecionista pela montanha de evidências negativas, e deverá incorporar alguns aspectos lamarckianos) somente será apresentada à comunidade científica e ao público em 2020.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;O que a Nomeklatura científica fará para livrar a cara de Darwin da vergonha epistêmica???&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Fui, nem sei por que pensando em Sören Lovtrup, um biólogo evolucionista que disse o seguinte sobre a teoria da evolução:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;“I believe that one day the Darwinian myth will be ranked the greatest deceit in the history of science.” [Eu creio que um dia o mito darwiniano será classificado como o maior de todos os enganos na história da ciência]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Søren Løvtrup, Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth (New York: Croom Helm, 1987), p. 422 (Eu tenho este livro - mas não empresto para ninguém!!!)&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Mito e o maior engano na história da ciência???&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-6954347715931554906?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/6954347715931554906'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/6954347715931554906'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/o-que-nomenklatura-cientifica-fara-para.html' title='O que a Nomenklatura científica fará para livrar a cara de Darwin da vergonha epistêmica com a Síntese Evolutiva Ampliada em 2020???'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CBFQHAk69BU/TxSLTpvXzCI/AAAAAAAAD8Q/3wSQO3cvdtg/s72-c/A-Rabbit-Next-to-a-Magician%25E2%2580%2599s-Hat-iStockphoto.comcraftvision.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-4201667315988575530</id><published>2012-01-16T17:54:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-16T17:55:39.784-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Os notebooks de pesquisa de Linus Pauling: ciência pura!!!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-W7ITEKQT5Vs/TxR_frgtuoI/AAAAAAAAD8I/vt_hqTdKZMU/s1600/Linus+Pauling+Research+Notebooks+banner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="85" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-W7ITEKQT5Vs/TxR_frgtuoI/AAAAAAAAD8I/vt_hqTdKZMU/s400/Linus+Pauling+Research+Notebooks+banner.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;As with many scientists, Linus Pauling utilized bound notebooks to keep track of the details of his research as it unfolded. A testament to the remarkable length and diversity of Dr. Pauling's career, the Pauling Papers holdings include forty-six research notebooks spanning the years of 1922 to 1994 and covering any number of the scientific fields in which Dr. Pauling involved himself. In this regard, the notebooks contain many of Pauling's laboratory calculations and experimental data, as well as scientific conclusions, ideas for further research and numerous autobiographical musings.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/rnb/"&gt;Linus Pauling Research Notebooks (Oregon State University's Library)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;+++++&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;NOTA DESTE BLOGGER:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esses Notebooks realmente valem a pena ser estudados e pesquisado na área de História da Ciência: eles são científicos!!!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-4201667315988575530?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/4201667315988575530'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/4201667315988575530'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/as-with-many-scientists-linus-pauling.html' title='Os notebooks de pesquisa de Linus Pauling: ciência pura!!!'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-W7ITEKQT5Vs/TxR_frgtuoI/AAAAAAAAD8I/vt_hqTdKZMU/s72-c/Linus+Pauling+Research+Notebooks+banner.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-7671950071090947142</id><published>2012-01-16T09:53:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-16T09:53:34.114-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Biodiversidade: passado, presente e futuro</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Biodiversity: past, present and future&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Emily M. Rubidge1,†,&amp;nbsp;A. Cole Burton2,*,† and&amp;nbsp;Steven M. Vamosi3&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;1Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;2Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;3Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive North West, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;*Author for correspondence (&lt;a href="mailto:acburton@ualberta.ca"&gt;acburton@ualberta.ca&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;† These authors contributed equally to the study.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;On 12–15 May 2011, a diverse group of students, researchers and practitioners from across Canada and around the world met in Banff, Alberta, to discuss the many facets of biodiversity science at the 6th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for Ecology and Evolution.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Canadian Society for Ecology and Evolution,&amp;nbsp;biodiversity,&amp;nbsp;conservation,&amp;nbsp;interdisciplinary,&amp;nbsp;taxonomy,&amp;nbsp;ecological monitoring&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Footnotes&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Received June 12, 2011.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Accepted June 16, 2011.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This journal is © 2011 The Royal Society&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/1/3.full.pdf+html"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-7671950071090947142?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/7671950071090947142'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/7671950071090947142'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/biodiversidade-passado-presente-e.html' title='Biodiversidade: passado, presente e futuro'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-4106627118786270528</id><published>2012-01-16T09:36:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-16T09:36:09.808-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Uma ave gigantesca do Cretáceo Superior da Ásia Central</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;A gigantic bird from the Upper Cretaceous of Central Asia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Darren Naish1,&amp;nbsp;Gareth Dyke2,*,&amp;nbsp;Andrea Cau3,&amp;nbsp;François Escuillié4 and&amp;nbsp;Pascal Godefroit5&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;1School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;2School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;3Museo Geologico e Paleontologico ‘Giovanni Capellini’, Via Zamboni 63, 40126 Bologna, Italy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;4Eldonia, 9 avenue des Portes Occitanes, 3800 Gannat, France&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;5Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, rue Vautier 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;*Author and address for correspondence: School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK (&lt;a href="mailto:gareth.dyke@ucd.ie"&gt;gareth.dyke@ucd.ie&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;We describe an enormous Late Cretaceous fossil bird from Kazakhstan, known from a pair of edentulous mandibular rami (greater than 275 mm long), which adds significantly to our knowledge of Mesozoic avian morphological and ecological diversity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;A suite of autapomorphies lead us to recognize the specimen as a new taxon. Phylogenetic analysis resolves this giant bird deep within Aves as a basal member of Ornithuromorpha.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;This Kazakh fossil demonstrates that large body size evolved at least once outside modern birds (Neornithes) and reveals hitherto unexpected trophic diversity within Cretaceous Aves.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Kazakhstan,&amp;nbsp;Aves,&amp;nbsp;phylogeny,&amp;nbsp;Neornithes,&amp;nbsp;anatomy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Received July 5, 2011.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Accepted July 20, 2011.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This journal is © 2011 The Royal Society&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/1/97.full.pdf+html"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/1/97/suppl/DC1"&gt;DATA SUPPLEMENT/DADOS SUPLEMENTARES&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-4106627118786270528?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/4106627118786270528'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/4106627118786270528'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/uma-ave-gigantesca-do-cretaceo-superior.html' title='Uma ave gigantesca do Cretáceo Superior da Ásia Central'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-5170470077922697356</id><published>2012-01-16T09:31:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-16T09:31:01.134-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Mandíbulas tipo Arqueoceto em uma baleia com barbatanas</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Archaeocete-like jaws in a baleen whale&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Erich M. G. Fitzgerald1,2,*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;1Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;2National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;*&lt;a href="mailto:efitzgerald@museum.vic.gov.au"&gt;efitzgerald@museum.vic.gov.au&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;The titanic baleen whales (Cetacea, Mysticeti) have a bizarre skull morphology, including an elastic mandibular symphysis, which permits dynamic oral cavity expansion during bulk feeding.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;How this key innovation evolved from the sutured symphysis of archaeocetes has remained unclear.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Now, mandibles of the Oligocene toothed mysticete Janjucetus hunderi show that basal mysticetes had an archaeocete-like sutured symphysis. This archaic morphology was paired with a wide rostrum typical of later-diverging baleen whales. This demonstrates that increased oral capacity via rostral widening preceded the evolution of mandibular innovations for filter feeding. Thus, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;the initial evolution of the mysticetes' unique cranial form and huge mouths was perhaps not linked to filtering plankton, but to enhancing suction feeding on individual prey.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Cetacea,&amp;nbsp;Mysticeti,&amp;nbsp;Mammalodontidae,&amp;nbsp;evolution,&amp;nbsp;Australia,&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Oligocene&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Received July 6, 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Accepted July 26, 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;This journal is © 2011 The Royal Society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/1/94.full.pdf+html"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/1/94/suppl/DC1"&gt;DATA SUPPLEMENT/DADOS SUPLEMENTARES&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-5170470077922697356?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5170470077922697356'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/5170470077922697356'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/mandibulas-tipo-arqueoceto-em-uma.html' title='Mandíbulas tipo Arqueoceto em uma baleia com barbatanas'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-4923446507728925473</id><published>2012-01-16T09:22:00.002-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-16T09:22:38.035-02:00</updated><title type='text'>MicroRNAs apoiam um clade tartaruga + lagarto</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;MicroRNAs support a turtle + lizard clade&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Tyler R. Lyson1,&amp;nbsp;Erik A. Sperling1,†,&amp;nbsp;Alysha M. Heimberg2,&amp;nbsp;Jacques A. Gauthier1,&amp;nbsp;Benjamin L. King3 and&amp;nbsp;Kevin J. Peterson2,*&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;1Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;2Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;3Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Author Notes&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Present address: Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;*Author for correspondence (&lt;a href="mailto:kevin.j.peterson@dartmouth.edu"&gt;kevin.j.peterson@dartmouth.edu&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Despite much interest in amniote systematics, &lt;b&gt;the origin of turtles remains elusive&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Traditional morphological phylogenetic analyses place turtles outside Diapsida—amniotes whose ancestor had two fenestrae in the temporal region of the skull (among the living forms the tuatara, lizards, birds and crocodilians)—and allied with some unfenestrate-skulled (anapsid) taxa. Nonetheless, some morphological analyses place turtles within Diapsida, allied with Lepidosauria (tuatara and lizards). Most molecular studies agree that turtles are diapsids, but rather than allying them with lepidosaurs, instead place turtles near or within Archosauria (crocodilians and birds). Thus, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;three basic phylogenetic positions for turtles with respect to extant Diapsida are currently debated: (i) &lt;b&gt;sister to Diapsida&lt;/b&gt;, (ii) &lt;b&gt;sister to Lepidosauria&lt;/b&gt;, or (iii) &lt;b&gt;sister to, or within, Archosauria&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Interestingly, although these three alternatives are consistent with a single unrooted four-taxon tree for extant reptiles, they differ with respect to the position of the root. &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Here, we apply a novel molecular dataset, the presence versus absence of specific microRNAs, to the problem of the phylogenetic position of turtles and the root of the reptilian tree, and find that this dataset unambiguously supports a turtle + lepidosaur group. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;We find that turtles and lizards share four unique miRNA gene families that are not found in any other organisms' genome or small RNA library, and no miRNAs are found in all diapsids but not turtles, or in turtles and archosaurs but not in lizards.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;The concordance between our result and some morphological analyses suggests that there have been numerous morphological convergences and reversals in reptile phylogeny, including the loss of temporal fenestrae.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;turtle,&amp;nbsp;microRNA,&amp;nbsp;amniote&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Received May 5, 2011.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Accepted June 27, 2011.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This journal is © 2011 The Royal Society&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/1/104.full.pdf+html"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/1/104/suppl/DC1"&gt;DATA SUPPLEMENT/DADOS SUPLEMENTARES&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-4923446507728925473?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/4923446507728925473'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/4923446507728925473'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/micrornas-apoiam-um-clade-tartaruga.html' title='MicroRNAs apoiam um clade tartaruga + lagarto'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-1406569462848870987</id><published>2012-01-16T09:11:00.004-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-16T09:11:53.533-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Monitoramento do habitat, estase e sobrevivência de grandes mamíferos do Neogeno</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Habitat tracking, stasis and survival in Neogene large mammals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/search?author1=P.+Raia&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit"&gt;P. Raia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/1/64.abstract?etoc#aff-1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/1/64.abstract?etoc#corresp-1"&gt;*&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/search?author1=P.+Raia&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit"&gt;F. Passaro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/1/64.abstract?etoc#aff-1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/search?author1=P.+Raia&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit"&gt;D. Fulgione&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/1/64.abstract?etoc#aff-2"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt; and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/search?author1=P.+Raia&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit"&gt;F. Carotenuto&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/1/64.abstract?etoc#aff-1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università Federico II, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;2Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università Federico II, via Cinthia 4-Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;*Author for correspondence (&lt;a href="mailto:pasquale.raia@unina.it"&gt;pasquale.raia@unina.it&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Species response to environmental change may vary from adaptation to the new conditions, to dispersal towards territories with better ecological settings (known as habitat tracking), and to extinction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;A phylogenetically explicit analysis of habitat tracking in Caenozoic large mammals shows that species moving over longer distances during their existence survived longer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;By partitioning the fossil record into equal time intervals, we showed that the longest distance was preferentially covered just before extinction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; This supports the idea that habitat tracking is a key reaction to environmental change, and confirms that tracking causally prolongs species survival. Species covering longer distances also have morphologically less variable cheek teeth. &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;Given the tight relationship between cheek teeth form and habitat selection in large mammals, this supports the well-known, yet little tested, idea that habitat tracking bolsters morphological stasis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;habitat tracking,&amp;nbsp;extinction,&amp;nbsp;morphological stasis,&amp;nbsp;geographical range size&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Received June 16, 2011.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Accepted July 27, 2011.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This journal is © 2011 The Royal Society&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/1/64.full.pdf+html"&gt;FREE PDF GRATIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/8/1/64/suppl/DC1"&gt;DATA SUPPLEMENT/DADOS SUPLEMENTARES&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/21119618-1406569462848870987?l=pos-darwinista.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1406569462848870987'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/21119618/posts/default/1406569462848870987'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://pos-darwinista.blogspot.com/2012/01/monitoramento-do-habitat-estase-e.html' title='Monitoramento do habitat, estase e sobrevivência de grandes mamíferos do Neogeno'/><author><name>Enézio E. de Almeida Filho</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/12517878300175234830</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PhC8rYRfxlc/S_vLJdZy5lI/AAAAAAAABdg/EF7kRSN6cjM/S220/enezio2.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21119618.post-4100119985770414622</id><published>2012-01-16T08:54:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-01-16T08:54:37.291-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Modelando o passado: novas abordagens de geração para a compreensão dos padrões biológicos no regsitro fóssil</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Modelling the past: new generation approaches to understanding biological patterns in the fossil record&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Andrew B. Smith* and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Paul M. Barrett&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Author Affiliations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum,London SW7 5BD, UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;*Author for correspondence (&lt;a href="mailto:abs@nhm.ac.uk"&gt;abs@nhm.ac.uk&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;The history of life on this planet is gleaned from analysing how fossils are distributed through time and space.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;While these patterns are now rather securely known, at least for well-studied parts of the world, their interpretation remains far from simple. Fossils preserve only partial data from which to reconstruct their biology and the geological record is incomplete and biased, so that taxonomic ranges and palaeocommunity structure are imperfectly known.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; To better understand the often highly complex deep-time processes that gave rise to the empirical fossil record, palaeontologists have turned to modelling the past. Here, we summarize a series of 11 papers that showcase where modelling the past is being applied to advance our understanding across a wide spectrum of current palaeontological endeavours.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"&gt;palaeontology,&amp;nbsp;modelling,&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbs
