A ciência se autocorrige, mas o processo é lento e gradual ao longo do tempo...

quarta-feira, fevereiro 10, 2010

The Times

February 8, 2010

We might err, but science is self-correcting

If claims about climate change need to be debunked, you can rely on scientists to do it. Scepticism is what we are all about

John Krebs

My non-scientist friends are beginning to ask me “What’s gone wrong with science?” Revelations about melting glaciers and potentially dodgy emails about global warming, the resurfacing of Andrew Wakefield and the MMR scare, and the sacking of the Government’s drugs adviser, have created the impression for some people that science is in a mess.

Of course science isn’t in a mess, nor has anything changed. But the stories underline two important features of scientists and science. First, scientists, just like every other trade — bus drivers, lawyers and bricklayers — are a mix. Most are pretty average, a few are geniuses, some are a bit thick, and some dishonest.

Second, science itself is often misunderstood. Scientists tend to be portrayed as voices of authority who are able to reveal truths about arcane problems, be it the nature of quarks or the molecular basis of ageing. In fact, science is almost the opposite of this. InThe Trouble With Physics, physicist Lee Smolin considers how to describe science and concludes that Nobel Prize winner Richard Feyman’s phrase says it best: “Science is the organised scepticism in the reliability of expert opinion.”

An Oxford colleague, one of the world’s top climate scientists, made the same point last week when he said to me: “It’s odd that people talk about ‘climate sceptics’ as though they are a special category. All of us in the climate science community are climate sceptics. It’s our job to question and challenge everything.” Any scientist will tell you that when you turn up at a conference the audience will do its best to tear your findings to pieces: no one takes anything for granted.

This philosophy of science was formally instituted 350 years ago in London by the small band of men, including Christopher Wren and Robert Boyle, who founded the Royal Society, the world’s oldest national academy of science. Their motto, Nullius in verba(“Take nobody’s word for it”) embodies the Royal Society’s founding principle of basing conclusions on observation and experiment rather than the voice of authority. Scientists don’t have all the answers, but they do have a way of finding out, and the fact that our lights come on, our computers compute and our mobile phones phone are among the myriad daily reminders that the scientific way works.

You might retort that science and scientists often don’t live up to this ideal. And you would be right. Scientists, like everyone else, have human frailties and are susceptible to fashion and orthodoxy. Nevertheless, over time, science is self-correcting because someone will have the courage to challenge the prevailing view and win the argument, provided he or she has sufficient evidence.

There is, of course, no excuse for scientists who over-egg or massage their results, or who underplay the uncertainties in their conclusions. The prevailing view in many areas of science will include significant uncertainties (as with climate change), so challenge is central to the progress of understanding. The claim that Himalayan glaciers would melt in the next 30 years is an example of this self-correction. It was debunked from within the scientific community and not by outside commentators, it does not undermine the core conclusions about man-made global warming, and the mistake that the Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change made was to dismiss this challenge without studying the evidence.

Scepticism is fine but science is not a free-for-all. Whether or not you accept the sceptics’ view should depend on careful weighing of the evidence. Dr Wakefield had no good evidence to support his claim of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. Equally, the Department of Health’s claim that the “MMR vaccine is perfectly safe” is wrong. No vaccine is perfectly safe, but not vaccinating your children exposes them to a far bigger risk than the tiny risk associated with the vaccine.
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Read more here/Leia mais aqui: Times Online

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NOTA CAUSTICANTE DESTE BLOGGER:

O título é irônico porque quando a questão é Darwin, a ciência também se autocorrige, só que o processo de autocorreção é lento, graudal e ao longo de eras, oops, do tempo. Explico: a ciência da evolução é uma ciência onde exemplos de fraudes perpetradas por cientistas no afã de 'corroborarem' o fato, Fato, FATO da evolução é um caso ímpar na história da ciência.

Desde os tempos de Darwin: uma fraude centenária de Ernst Haeckel e seu desenho dos embriões de vertebrados que ainda aparecem nos livros aprovados pelo MEC/SEMTEC/PNLEM para corroborar a hipótese de ancestralidade comum; as Mariposas de Manchester (Biston betularia) que não pousam em árvores, mas nas suas copas, e foram 'coladas' (espetadas) por Kettlewell, para corroborar a ação da seleção natural diante de nossos olhos. E muitas evidências científicas distorcidas nos livros didáticos de Biologia do ensino médio para 'provar' a evolução no contexto de justificação teórica. Nada mais falso do que uma nota de R$ 3.00. Isso sem falar das fraudes do Homem de Piltdown que levou 40 anos para ser 'descoberta' e abandonada pela ciência.

Há uma razão para este processo darwiniano de a ciência se autocorrigir. Stephen Jay Gould disse em 1980 que a Síntese Evolutiva Moderna (ou neodarwinismo) era uma teoria científica morta que posava (posa ainda, viu Gould?) como ortodoxia SOMENTE nos livros didáticos. Gente, as diversas descobertas nas mais diversas áreas científicas demonstram a falência epistêmica da teoria da evolução através da seleção natural, e tão somente agora é que a Nomenklatura científica, depois de engabelar uma geração, se dispõe a elaborar uma nova teoria geral da evolução -- a SÍNTESE EVOLUTIVA AMPLIADA que não deve e nem pode ser selecionista.

Então está explicado o fenômeno de a ciência se autocorrigir: engana uma geração que vai deixar  os bancos escolares e seguir na vida, para em seguida engabelar outra geração que virá e não vai tomar conhecimento desses fatos, e a ciência prossegue como sendo a única fonte de verdade explicando a realidade das coisas.

A ciência e a mentira não podem andar de mãos dadas. É esta a máxima que aprendi na universidade. E ainda tem 'afirmacionistas' do aquecimento global ser antropogenicamente provocado querendo defender cientistas bandidos do IPCC que fraudaram o relatório que ganhou o prêmio Nobel da Paz...